{"id":72284,"date":"2019-10-25T00:01:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-24T22:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=72284"},"modified":"2023-03-02T16:29:45","modified_gmt":"2023-03-02T15:29:45","slug":"limites-de-oportunidad-inigo-garcia-odiaga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/limites-de-oportunidad-inigo-garcia-odiaga\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]L\u00edmites de oportunidad | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:gl]L\u00edmites de oportunidade | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:en]Opportunity limits | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:es]

\"L\u00edmites
Frontera de Rafah, espacio controlado por el ej\u00e9rcito israel\u00ed entre Egipto y Palestina.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n
L\u00edmites de oportunidad. Los espacios fronterizos, barreras y nexos<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Las antiguas fronteras<\/a>, barreras geopol\u00edticas que operaban desde la plasmaci\u00f3n territorial de la soberan\u00eda de un pa\u00eds, se desdibujan en la actualidad configurando espacios intermedios, que definen \u00e1reas (l\u00edmites) de oportunidad. Son adem\u00e1s las regiones en conflicto, las que con mayor radicalidad muestran las tensiones y las concentraciones de actividad que las fronteras introducen en el continuo territorial.<\/p>\n

Mientras estos d\u00edas se celebra con actos multitudinarios los veinte a\u00f1os de la ca\u00edda del Muro de Berl\u00edn durante la noche del 9 de noviembre de 1989, muchas fronteras del planeta se refuerzan o recrudecen, generando de este modo desequilibrios territoriales a ambos lados de la l\u00ednea. Esta \u201cl\u00ednea fronteriza\u201d, (l\u00edmite de oportunidad) tal vez la mayor expresi\u00f3n de la realidad fronteriza, se representa en la actualidad como un espacio intermedio, derivado de esa doble condici\u00f3n de l\u00edmite y nexo que las fronteras mantienen. De este modo, ese riguroso corte territorial de anta\u00f1o, se plantear\u00eda ahora como una membrana permeable bajo determinadas condiciones, y bajo criterios de oportunidad u oportunismo, que poco o nada tienen que ver con la defensa de la territorialidad o de la geopol\u00edtica ligada a la frontera.<\/p>\n

As\u00ed pues es curioso comprobar como, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de las cuestiones pol\u00edticas, son las cuestiones econ\u00f3micas las que mantienen, por ejemplo, la frontera con Gibraltar en la L\u00ednea de la Concepci\u00f3n. Mientras la poblaci\u00f3n del Pe\u00f1\u00f3n ronda los 28.000 habitantes, tambi\u00e9n el n\u00famero de sociedades mercantiles activas registradas dentro de las fronteras de Gibraltar ronda las 28.000; es decir una sociedad mercantil por cada habitante. Lo parad\u00f3jico de esta situaci\u00f3n, es el hecho de que sin lugar a dudas es precisamente la realidad fronteriza la que posibilita esta situaci\u00f3n de para\u00edso fiscal o lo que podr\u00edamos denominar de oportunidad fiscal. Son por lo tanto los condicionantes espaciales que la frontera impone al territorio los que de alguna manera activan este espacio y lo convierten en lo que los arquitectos \u00c1balos y Herreros calificaban como \u201c\u00e1reas de impunidad\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"L\u00edmites
Frontera entre Espa\u00f1a y Portugal.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
La \u201cl\u00ednea fronteriza\u201d<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Son por lo tanto esas l\u00edneas cargadas de valor, que antiguamente se instalaban apoy\u00e1ndose en elementos geogr\u00e1ficos al modo de las fronteras europeas, o en la escuadra y el cartab\u00f3n como en muchas fronteras africanas, las que a pesar de la abstracci\u00f3n que el hecho fronterizo lleva aparejado, las que rompen la isotrop\u00eda y la continuidad del territorio, configurando unas nuevas reglas espaciales en el \u00e1mbito ligado a la frontera. Es por este motivo por lo que el espacio fronterizo, se representa como un espacio multicapa, en el que se mezclan problemas de identificaci\u00f3n social con su territorio, hechos econ\u00f3micos ligados a la frontera o realidades basadas en porosidades legales.<\/p>\n

El valor simb\u00f3lico de la frontera y su valor identitario, son tambi\u00e9n condicionantes que empapan el territorio, por su simple determinaci\u00f3n como espacio fronterizo. Es por ejemplo llamativa una de las im\u00e1genes m\u00e1s divulgada del 1 de Septiembre de 1939, fecha en la que soldados de la Wehrmacht, el ejercito regular alem\u00e1n cruzaban la frontera de Alemania con Polonia. Esta acci\u00f3n militar, que dio origen a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se caracteriza por el empe\u00f1o puesto por soldados y polic\u00edas alemanes para romper la d\u00e9bil barrera m\u00f3vil que imped\u00eda el transito de veh\u00edculos, similar a la de cualquier autopista actual. Hasta doce personas aparecen en la fotograf\u00eda arrancando la valla existente.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00bfAcaso no pod\u00edan simplemente levantarla para permitir el paso de las tropas?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\"L\u00edmites
1 septiembre de 1939 Soldados alemanes rompen la barrera en la frontera con Polonia e invaden el pa\u00eds. EFE<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
El valor simb\u00f3lico de la frontera y su valor identitario<\/strong><\/h5>\n

El motivo de este ensa\u00f1amiento hay que buscarlo en un objetivo m\u00e1s conceptual que practico, ya que la acci\u00f3n pretende eliminar la frontera, borrarla, limpiar cualquier relaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica o cartogr\u00e1fica de su trazado, desdibujando cualquier discontinuidad entre los dos territorios originales. Mediante esta acci\u00f3n se funden en uno s\u00f3lo ambos territorios, el propio y el conquistado; aglutinando aunque simplemente sea en un acto propagand\u00edstico una gran cantidad de mensajes, significados y objetivos.<\/p>\n

Otro modelo de frontera, digna de menci\u00f3n es la que existente entre M\u00e9xico y Estados Unidos, y que podr\u00eda denominarse como frontera socializada ya que la implicaci\u00f3n social adquiere gran relevancia en este \u00e1mbito fronterizo.<\/p>\n

La l\u00ednea fronteriza que separa estos dos pa\u00edses tiene una longitud de 3141 Km. y es la frontera con mayor n\u00famero de cruces legales del mundo, alrededor de 350 millones al a\u00f1o, y se caracteriza un gran espacio deshabitado o tierra de nadie que hay que controlar. Es precisamente esta cuesti\u00f3n la que ha llevado al gobierno norteamericano ha implantar una nueva estrategia para combatir la inmigraci\u00f3n ilegal basada en garantizar la vigilancia fronteriza v\u00eda Internet.<\/p>\n

\"L\u00edmites
Frontera entre Estados Unidos y M\u00e9xico.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Un potencial guarda fronterizo<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Para ello se han instalado 2000 videoc\u00e1maras de vigilancia<\/a> conectadas a un servidor online, de forma que cada ciudadano individualmente puede desde el sal\u00f3n de su casa, como paradigma de la intimidad privada, vigilar la valla fronteriza e informar de cualquier actividad ilegal que perciba enviando un simple correo electr\u00f3nico.<\/p>\n

Este modelo que convierte a cualquier ciudadano con conexi\u00f3n a internet<\/a> en un potencial guarda fronterizo<\/a>, amplifica la operativa en red, no solo por su utilizaci\u00f3n de Internet, la red de redes, sino porque activa un proceso por el cual la responsabilidad y el enfrentamiento con la realidad del fen\u00f3meno fronterizo se vuelve colectivo, en un intento reafirmar el sentimiento patri\u00f3tico y de defensa territorial, algo por otra parte, t\u00edpicamente norteamericano. Son estos, y no otros, los mecanismos que gobiernan nuestras fronteras, de forma que es necesario comprender sus mecanismos, potencialidades y desaf\u00edos para replantear su funcionamiento, muy alejados en la actualidad de los antiguos pasos aduaneros.<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga. Arquitecto
\nSan Sebasti\u00e1n. Septiembre\u00a02019<\/p>\n

Publicado<\/em>\u00a0en MUGALARI el 09.12.04<\/span><\/p>\n

[:gl]

\"Frontera
Fronteira de Rafah, espazo controlado polo ex\u00e9rcito israel\u00ed entre Exipto e Palestina. Os espazos fronteirizos, barreiras e nexos.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

Os espazos fronteirizos, barreiras e nexos.<\/strong><\/p>\n

As antigas fronteiras, barreiras xeopol\u00edticas que operaban desde a plasmaci\u00f3n territorial da soberan\u00eda dun pa\u00eds, se desdibujan na actualidade configurando espazos intermedios, que definen \u00e1reas de oportunidade. Son ademais as rexi\u00f3ns en conflito, as que con maior radicalidad mostran as tensi\u00f3ns e as concentraci\u00f3ns de actividade que as fronteiras introducen no continuo territorial.<\/p>\n

Mentres estes d\u00edas cel\u00e9brase con actos multitudinarios os vinte anos da ca\u00edda do Muro de Berl\u00edn durante a noite do 9 de novembro de 1989, moitas fronteiras do planeta ref\u00f3rzanse ou recrudecen, xerando deste xeito desequilibrios territoriais a ambos os dous lados da li\u00f1a. Esta \u201cli\u00f1a fronteiriza\u201d, talvez a maior expresi\u00f3n da realidade fronteiriza, repres\u00e9ntase na actualidade como un espazo intermedio, derivado desa dobre condici\u00f3n de l\u00edmite e nexo que as fronteiras mante\u00f1en. Deste xeito, ese rigoroso corte territorial de outrora, expor\u00edase agora como unha membrana permeable baixo determinadas condici\u00f3ns, e baixo criterios de oportunidade ou oportunismo, que pouco ou nada te\u00f1en que ver coa defensa da territorialidade ou da xeopol\u00edtica ligada \u00e1 fronteira.<\/p>\n

As\u00ed pois \u00e9 curioso comprobar como, m\u00e1is al\u00f3 das cuesti\u00f3ns pol\u00edticas, son as cuesti\u00f3ns econ\u00f3micas as que mante\u00f1en, por exemplo, a fronteira con Xibraltar na Li\u00f1a da Concepci\u00f3n. Mentres a poboaci\u00f3n do Penedo rolda os 28.000 habitantes, tam\u00e9n o n\u00famero de sociedades mercant\u00eds activas rexistradas dentro das fronteiras de Xibraltar rolda as 28.000; \u00e9 dicir unha sociedade mercantil por cada habitante. O paradoxal desta situaci\u00f3n, \u00e9 o feito de que sen d\u00fabida \u00e9 precisamente a realidade fronteiriza a que posibilita esta situaci\u00f3n de para\u00edso fiscal ou o que poderiamos denominar de oportunidade fiscal. Son por tanto os condicionantes espaciais que a fronteira imp\u00f3n ao territorio os que dalgunha maneira activan este espazo e conv\u00e9rteno no que os arquitectos \u00c1balos e Ferreiros cualificaban como \u201c\u00e1reas de impunidade\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"Frontera
Fronteira entre Espa\u00f1a\u00a0e Portugal.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Son por tanto esas li\u00f1as cargadas de valor, que antigamente se instalaban apoi\u00e1ndose en elementos xeogr\u00e1ficos ao modo das fronteiras europeas, ou na escuadra e o cartab\u00f3n como en moitas fronteiras africanas, as que a pesar da abstracci\u00f3n que o feito fronteirizo leva aparellado, as que rompen a isotrop\u00eda e a continuidade do territorio, configurando unhas novas regras espaciais no \u00e1mbito ligado \u00e1 fronteira. \u00c9 por este motivo polo que o espazo fronteirizo, repres\u00e9ntase como un espazo multicapa, no que se mesturan problemas de identificaci\u00f3n social co seu territorio, feitos econ\u00f3micos ligados \u00e1 fronteira ou realidades baseadas en porosidades legais.<\/p>\n

O valor simb\u00f3lico da fronteira e o seu valor identitario, son tam\u00e9n condicionantes que empapan o territorio, pola s\u00faa simple determinaci\u00f3n como espazo fronteirizo. \u00c9 por exemplo rechamante unha das imaxes m\u00e1is divulgada do 1 de Setembro de 1939, data na que soldados da Wehrmacht, o exercito regular alem\u00e1n cruzaban a fronteira de Alema\u00f1a con Polonia. Esta acci\u00f3n militar, que deu orixe \u00e1 Segunda Guerra Mundial, caracter\u00edzase polo empe\u00f1o posto por soldados e polic\u00edas alem\u00e1ns para romper a d\u00e9bil barreira m\u00f3bil que imped\u00eda o transito de veh\u00edculos, similar \u00e1 de calquera autoestrada actual. Ata doce persoas aparecen na fotograf\u00eda arrincando o valo existente.<\/p>\n

Seica non pod\u00edan simplemente levantala para permitir o paso das tropas?<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"1
1 setembro de 1939 Soldados alem\u00e1ns rompen a barreira na fronteira con Polonia e invaden o pa\u00eds. EFE<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

O motivo deste ensa\u00f1amiento hai que buscalo nun obxectivo m\u00e1is conceptual que practico, xa que a acci\u00f3n pretende eliminar a fronteira, borrala, limpar calquera relaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica ou cartogr\u00e1fica do seu trazado, desdibujando calquera descontinuidade entre os dous territorios orixinais. Mediante esta acci\u00f3n f\u00fandense nun s\u00f3 ambos os territorios, o propio e o conquistado; aglutinando a\u00ednda que simplemente sexa nun acto propagand\u00edstico unha gran cantidade de mensaxes, significados e obxectivos.<\/p>\n

Outro modelo de fronteira, digna de menci\u00f3n \u00e9 a que existente entre M\u00e9xico e Estados Unidos, e que poder\u00eda denominarse como fronteira socializada xa que a implicaci\u00f3n social adquire gran relevancia neste \u00e1mbito fronteirizo.<\/p>\n

A li\u00f1a fronteiriza que separa estes dous pa\u00edses ten unha lonxitude de 3141 Km. e \u00e9 a fronteira con maior n\u00famero de cruces legais do mundo, ao redor de 350 mill\u00f3ns ao ano, e caracter\u00edzase un gran espazo deshabitado ou terra de ningu\u00e9n que hai que controlar. \u00c9 precisamente esta cuesti\u00f3n a que levou ao goberno norteamericano ha implantar unha nova estratexia para combater a inmigraci\u00f3n ilegal baseada en garantir a vixilancia fronteiriza v\u00eda Internet.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Frontera
Fronteira entre Estados Unidos\u00a0e M\u00e9xico.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Para iso instal\u00e1ronse 2000 videoc\u00e1maras de vixilancia conectadas a un servidor online, de forma que cada cidad\u00e1n individualmente pode desde o sal\u00f3n da s\u00faa casa, como paradigma da intimidade privada, vixiar o valo fronteirizo e informar de calquera actividade ilegal que perciba enviando un simple correo electr\u00f3nico. Este modelo que converte a calquera cidad\u00e1n con conexi\u00f3n a internet nun potencial garda fronteirizo, amplifica a operativa en rede, non s\u00f3 pola s\u00faa utilizaci\u00f3n da internet, a rede de redes, sen\u00f3n porque activa un proceso polo cal a responsabilidade e o enfrontamento coa realidade do fen\u00f3meno fronteirizo v\u00f3lvese colectivo, nun intento reafirmar o sentimento patri\u00f3tico e de defensa territorial, algo por outra banda, tipicamente norteamericano. Son estes, e non outros, os mecanismos que gobernan as nosas fronteiras, de forma que \u00e9 necesario comprender os seus mecanismos, potencialidades e desaf\u00edos para reformular o seu funcionamento, moi afastados na actualidade dos antigos pasos aduaneiros.<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga. Arquitecto
\nSan Sebasti\u00e1n. Setembro 2019<\/p>\n

Publicado<\/em>\u00a0en MUGALARI el 09.12.04<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

[:en]

\"Frontera
Rafah border, space controlled by the Israeli army between Egypt and Palestine.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

Border spaces, barriers and links.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The old frontiers, geopolitical barriers that operated from the territorial expression of the sovereignty of a country, are blurred at present, configuring intermediate spaces, which define areas of opportunity. They are also the regions in conflict, which show more clearly the tensions and concentrations of activity that borders introduce into the territorial continuum.<\/p>\n

While these days are celebrated with multitudinous acts the twenty years of the fall of the Berlin Wall during the night of November 9, 1989, many borders of the planet are reinforced or intensified, generating in this way territorial imbalances on both sides of the line. This \u201cfrontier line\u201d, perhaps the greatest expression of the border reality, is currently represented as an intermediate space, derived from that double condition of limit and nexus that borders maintain. In this way, that rigorous territorial cut of yesteryear, would now be considered as a permeable membrane under certain conditions, and under criteria of opportunity or opportunism, which have little or nothing to do with the defense of territoriality or geopolitics linked to the border.<\/p>\n

So it is curious to see how, beyond political issues, economic issues are those that maintain, for example, the border with Gibraltar on the Line of Concepci\u00f3n. While the population of El Pe\u00f1\u00f3n is around 28,000 inhabitants, the number of active mercantile companies registered within the borders of Gibraltar is around 28,000; that is to say, a mercantile society for each inhabitant. What is paradoxical about this situation is the fact that without a doubt, it is precisely the border reality that makes this tax haven situation possible or what we might call fiscal opportunity. They are therefore the spatial conditions that the border imposes on the territory that in some way activate this space and turn it into what architects \u00c1balos and Herreros described as \u201careas of impunity\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"Frontera
Border between Spain and Portugal.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

They are therefore those lines loaded with value, which formerly were installed based on geographical elements in the manner of European borders, or in the squadron and the square as in many African borders, which despite the abstraction that the border fact has rigged, those that break the isotropy and the continuity of the territory, configuring new spatial rules in the area linked to the border. It is for this reason that the border space is represented as a multi-layered space, in which problems of social identification with its territory are mixed, economic facts linked to the border or realities based on legal porosities.<\/p>\n

The symbolic value of the border and its identity value are also conditioning factors that pervade the territory, due to its simple determination as a frontier space. It is for example striking one of the most popular images of September 1, 1939, date in which soldiers of the Wehrmacht, the German regular army crossed the border of Germany with Poland. This military action, which gave rise to the Second World War, is characterized by the efforts made by German soldiers and police to break the weak mobile barrier that impeded the transit of vehicles, similar to that of any current highway. Up to twelve people appear in the photograph tearing off the existing fence.<\/p>\n

Could not they just lift it to allow the passage of the troops?<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"1
September 1, 1939 German soldiers break the barrier on the border with Poland and invade the country. EFE<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The reason for this cruelty must be sought in a more conceptual objective that I practice, since the action aims to eliminate the border, erase it, clean any physical or cartographic relationship of its layout, blurring any discontinuity between the two original territories. By means of this action, both territories, the own and the conquered, merge into one; agglutinating, even if it is simply in a propaganda act a large number of messages, meanings and objectives.<\/p>\n

Another model of border, worth mentioning is that existing between Mexico and the United States, and that could be called a socialized border since social involvement acquires great relevance in this border area.<\/p>\n

The border line that separates these two countries has a length of 3141 km and is the border with the largest number of legal crossings in the world, around 350 million a year, and is characterized by a large uninhabited space or no man’s land that must be controlled . It is precisely this issue that has led the US government to implement a new strategy to combat illegal immigration based on guaranteeing border surveillance via the Internet.<\/p>\n

\"Frontera
Border between the United States and Mexico.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To this end, 2000 video surveillance cameras connected to an online server have been installed, so that each individual citizen can, from the living room of his home, as a paradigm of private privacy, monitor the border fence and report any illegal activity he receives by sending a simple email. This model that converts any citizen with an Internet connection into a potential border guard, amplifies network operations, not only because of its use of the Internet, the network of networks, but because it activates a process by which responsibility and confrontation with the reality of the border phenomenon becomes collective, in an attempt to reaffirm the patriotic and territorial defense sentiment, something on the other hand, typically North American. It is these, and not others, the mechanisms that govern our borders, so that it is necessary to understand their mechanisms, potentialities and challenges to rethink their operation, far removed from the old customs steps.<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga. Architect
\nSan Sebasti\u00e1n. September 2019<\/p>\n

It\u00b4s published i<\/em>n MUGALARI, 09.12.04<\/span><\/p>\n

[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:es] L\u00edmites de oportunidad. Los espacios fronterizos, barreras y nexos Las antiguas fronteras, barreras geopol\u00edticas que operaban desde la plasmaci\u00f3n territorial de la soberan\u00eda de un pa\u00eds, se desdibujan en la actualidad configurando espacios intermedios, que definen \u00e1reas (l\u00edmites) de oportunidad. Son adem\u00e1s las regiones en conflicto, las que con mayor radicalidad muestran las tensiones […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":72289,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[318,319,668,3197,4285,761,1579,14018,1820,1933,4982,1241,1278,1286],"class_list":["post-72284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-faro","category-slider-principal","tag-ciudad","tag-ciudad-contemporanea","tag-historia","tag-inaki-abalos","tag-inigo-garcia-odiaga","tag-juan-herreros","tag-limite","tag-peter-leibing","tag-politica","tag-politica-social","tag-politicas-urbanas","tag-sociedad","tag-teoria","tag-territorio"],"yoast_head":"\n[:es]L\u00edmites de oportunidad | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:gl]L\u00edmites de oportunidade | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:en]Opportunity limits | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:] - veredes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Toda la informaci\u00f3n sobre: [:es]L\u00edmites de oportunidad | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:gl]L\u00edmites de oportunidade | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:en]Opportunity limits | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga[:] L\u00edmites de oportunidad. 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