{"id":67394,"date":"2018-03-19T00:01:35","date_gmt":"2018-03-18T23:01:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=67394"},"modified":"2023-05-02T09:21:23","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T07:21:23","slug":"arquitecturas-del-dolor-inigo-garcia-odiaga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/arquitecturas-del-dolor-inigo-garcia-odiaga\/","title":{"rendered":"Arquitecturas del dolor | \u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Serre
Serre Road Cemetery, Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

El final de la primera guerra mundial en 1918, dio paso a un pr\u00f3spero periodo de cambios pol\u00edticos y revoluciones sociales. Todos estos cambios tuvieron su reflejo en el arte y en la arquitectura, y ser\u00eda imposible dar una explicaci\u00f3n medianamente l\u00f3gica de las vanguardias rusas, el constructivismo o el estilo internacional, sin el contexto hist\u00f3rico surgido tras la Gran Guerra.\u00a0Pero si en algo destac\u00f3 la gran contienda Europea, fue en la tragedia humana que gener\u00f3 la contienda b\u00e9lica, hasta ser considerada el quinto conflicto m\u00e1s mort\u00edfero de la historia de la humanidad.<\/p>\n

Para reparar las secuelas del conflicto b\u00e9lico hab\u00eda sin duda una gran tarea de reconstrucci\u00f3n, pero tambi\u00e9n la arquitectura ser\u00eda necesaria para atender las necesidades del recuerdo, de la memoria o de la identidad. En definitiva, las necesidades del alma.\u00a0Como dijo \u00d3scar Tusquets:<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cHacer arquitectura para los muertos, o mejor, para los vivos que no quieren olvidar a sus muertos, ha sido siempre muy agradecido\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

En estos casos, la tensi\u00f3n del proyecto se debate entre dos cuestiones. La inmensa carga simb\u00f3lica, pelea entre lo sencillo de su funci\u00f3n concreta, y la complicaci\u00f3n de traer al proyecto lo trascendental y metaf\u00edsico. Es desde \u00e9sta dualidad, desde la que la arquitectura funeraria ha construido grandes monumentos a todo lo largo de la historia de la humanidad.<\/p>\n

Cuando el gobierno brit\u00e1nico atisbaba ya, la victoria en la guerra, seleccion\u00f3 un equipo de arquitectos para formar la Commonwealth War Graves Commission<\/strong>, cuya misi\u00f3n ser\u00eda dise\u00f1ar los monumentos que conmemorasen a los fallecidos durante el conflicto.\u00a0Tres de los arquitectos m\u00e1s destacados de la \u00e9poca, Sir Herbert Baker<\/strong><\/a>, Sir Reginald Blomfield<\/strong><\/a>, y Sir Edwin Lutyens<\/strong><\/a> pasaron a formar parte de este departamento. Lutyens se hab\u00eda encargado de dise\u00f1ar anteriormente los s\u00edmbolos del poder colonial del imperio brit\u00e1nico, as\u00ed que conoc\u00eda perfectamente el ansia simb\u00f3lica y conmemorativa de este encargo. A ellos se les encomend\u00f3 rendir con sus proyectos, homenaje a los fallecidos en las batallas de la guerra, pero tambi\u00e9n el de custodiar en esos espacios la memoria colectiva del horror de la guerra.<\/p>\n

Son m\u00e1s de cien los cementerios y monumentos que Lutyens y sus compa\u00f1eros dise\u00f1aron a lo largo de los a\u00f1os, y a pesar de sus diferentes dimensiones y emplazamientos todos guardan una cierta familiaridad, como si su gen\u00e9tica mantuviese un c\u00f3digo unitario.<\/p>\n

Los tres primeros proyectos se construyeron en Le Treport, Forceville y Louvencourt. De ellos, el levantado en Forceville result\u00f3 ser el m\u00e1s exitoso. Los arquitectos crearon un cementerio amurallado con l\u00e1pidas uniformes en un jard\u00edn. Para conmemorar todos los credos y ninguno al mismo tiempo, Edwin Lutyens recurri\u00f3 a las geometr\u00edas de las estructuras cl\u00e1sicas griegas, que con tanta claridad hab\u00eda aprendido en sus estudios sobre el Parten\u00f3n de Atenas. De este modo resolvi\u00f3 con ese lenguaje unitario y cl\u00e1sico todo un cat\u00e1logo de templetes, cenotafios, grader\u00edos, escalinatas, pin\u00e1culos, ermitas o vallados que los cementerios requer\u00edan.<\/p>\n

Pero la aportaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s emocionante de estos proyectos, se debe al paisajismo. Para el desarrollo de esta parte del proyecto fue clave la figura de Gertrude Jekyll<\/strong><\/a>, una influyente mujer dedicada a la horticultura, la jardiner\u00eda, as\u00ed como al arte y la escritura. Jekyll destac\u00f3 por su adscripci\u00f3n al Movimiento Arts & Crafts<\/strong>, gracias a lo cual conoci\u00f3 al arquitecto, Sir Edwin Lutyens, con el cual hab\u00eda creado numerosos jardines para villas en la campi\u00f1a inglesas.<\/p>\n

\"Serre
Serre Road Cemetery, Edwin Lutyens (1869-1944)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Las tumbas individuales se disponen, en lo posible, en filas rectas y marcadas por l\u00e1pidas uniformes, la gran mayor\u00eda de los cuales est\u00e1n realizadas con piedra blanca Portlan. Peque\u00f1as diferencias formales, entre las piezas explican la condici\u00f3n cristiana, musulmana, jud\u00eda o atea del fallecido. Esta rigurosidad formal y geom\u00e9trica de las filas y columnas de l\u00e1pidas, convierte al conjunto en una escultura sobre el paisaje verde. Idea apoyada por la ausencia de cualquier forma de pavimentaci\u00f3n entre las filas, lo que contribuye a una simplicidad minimalista, que a\u00fan hoy cien a\u00f1os m\u00e1s tarde, dota a la intervenci\u00f3n de un lenguaje rotundo y contempor\u00e1neo. Sin estos proyectos, entendidos desde el punto de vista paisaj\u00edstico, en los que la naturaleza se convierte en un material m\u00e1s del proyecto, ser\u00eda dif\u00edcil entender el Land Art<\/strong> actual o el trabajo de artistas contempor\u00e1neos como el de Richard Long<\/strong> <\/a>o Walter de Mar\u00eda<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Si cualquier memorial es un espacio de meditaci\u00f3n, los de los campos de batalla de la guerra del catorce, son particularmente sobrecogedores. Los inmensos campos plantados de cruces, parecen batallones sobre las laderas. Pero el paisaje de barrizales, trincheras y alambradas, que se levantaba en esos lugares durante la contienda, es ahora una pradera artificial.<\/p>\n

Un tapiz surrealista donde la hierba ha ocultado, construyendo una falsa naturalidad, un terreno herido por la barbarie humana que esos lugares, ahora buc\u00f3licos vivieron en su m\u00e1xima expresi\u00f3n. Tal vez, ese sea el legado que la Gran Guerra aport\u00f3 al campo de la arquitectura, el de hacer del dolor un material de construcci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00f1igo Garc\u00eda Odiaga. Arquitecto
\nSan Sebasti\u00e1n.\u00a0Abril\u00a02014<\/p>\n

Publicado en ZAZPIKA abril.2014<\/em><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El final de la primera guerra mundial en 1918, dio paso a un pr\u00f3spero periodo de cambios pol\u00edticos y revoluciones sociales. Todos estos cambios tuvieron su reflejo en el arte y en la arquitectura, y ser\u00eda imposible dar una explicaci\u00f3n medianamente l\u00f3gica de las vanguardias rusas, el constructivismo o el estilo internacional, sin el contexto […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":67395,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5934,5951],"tags":[9901,2539,7446,9577,12449,155,279,365,4546,13426,508,516,13427,4285,749,1519,2081,13429,1680,977,1820,10880,6359,1286,6988,13428],"class_list":{"0":"post-67394","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articulos","8":"category-slider-principal","9":"tag-arquitectura-constructivista","10":"tag-arquitectura-del-paisaje","11":"tag-arquitectura-inglesa","12":"tag-arquitectura-monumental","13":"tag-arte","14":"tag-arte-contemporaneo","15":"tag-cementerio","16":"tag-construccion","17":"tag-constructivismo-ruso","18":"tag-edwin-landseer-lutyens","19":"tag-escultura","20":"tag-espacio-publico","21":"tag-gertrude-jekyll","22":"tag-inigo-garcia-odiaga","23":"tag-jardineria","24":"tag-land-art","25":"tag-monumento","26":"tag-nob","27":"tag-oscar-tusquets-blanca","28":"tag-paisaje","29":"tag-politica","30":"tag-revista-arts-architecture","31":"tag-richard-long","32":"tag-territorio","33":"tag-tumba","34":"tag-walter-de-maria"},"yoast_head":"\nArquitecturas 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