{"id":66457,"date":"2017-11-27T00:03:01","date_gmt":"2017-11-26T23:03:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=66457"},"modified":"2022-07-26T14:00:35","modified_gmt":"2022-07-26T12:00:35","slug":"oficio-consultor-estructuras-iv-juan-carlos-arroyo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/oficio-consultor-estructuras-iv-juan-carlos-arroyo\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]El oficio de consultor de estructuras (IV) | Juan Carlos Arroyo[:gl]O oficio do consultor de estruturas (IV) | Juan Carlos Arroyo[:en]The trade of the structures consultant (IV) | Juan Carlos Arroyo[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/oficio-del-consultor-estructuras-iii-juan-carlos-arroyo\/<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66490\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66490\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-66490\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet.jpg\" alt=\"Eug\u00e8ne Freyssinet |Fuente: alchetron.com\" width=\"750\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet.jpg 600w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66490\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/eugene-freyssinet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eug\u00e8ne Freyssinet<\/a> | Fuente: <a href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Eugene-Freyssinet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alchetron.com<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No es lo mismo 8 que 80; pero 227 s\u00ed es lo mismo que 222.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cLa precisi\u00f3n verbal es una de mis mayores preocupaciones\u00a0<\/em><em>y la precisi\u00f3n num\u00e9rica es una de mis menores preocupaciones.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Como profesor e ingeniero me preocupa mucho la precisi\u00f3n. Y hay que ser preciso desde dos puntos de vista, desde un punto de <strong>vista sem\u00e1ntico<\/strong> y desde uno <strong>num\u00e9rico<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hay que hablar con <strong>propiedad<\/strong> y con <strong>precisi\u00f3n<\/strong>, porque es indiscutible que el uso de las palabras concisas contribuye considerablemente a la claridad y comprensi\u00f3n de una exposici\u00f3n. No es lo mismo la tensi\u00f3n admisible de un suelo que su resistencia, no es lo mismo tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima del acero que su l\u00edmite el\u00e1stico, no es lo mismo carga permanente que carga muerta, no es lo mismo densidad que peso espec\u00edfico, no es lo mismo carga caracter\u00edstica que carga media, no es lo mismo m\u00f3dulo de elasticidad que m\u00f3dulo de deformaci\u00f3n, no es lo mismo coeficiente de seguridad que coeficiente parcial de seguridad, no es lo mismo coeficiente sobre cargas mayoradas que coeficiente sobre cargas caracter\u00edsticas, no es lo mismo dimensionar que comprobar, no es lo mismo ser perito del juez que ser perito de parte, no es lo mismo facturar que cobrar, no es lo mismo calcular que proyectar, no es lo mismo momento que momento flector, no es lo mismo fuerza que esfuerzo, no es lo mismo signo que sentido, no es lo mismo p\u00e1jaro en mano,&#8230;y as\u00ed podr\u00edamos seguir hasta\u2026podr\u00edamos aplicarlo a cualquier campo, incluso a nuestra vida cotidiana donde el hablar \u00faltimamente\u2026 en fin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Desde el punto de vista num\u00e9rico<\/strong>, la precisi\u00f3n es muy importante, me refiero a la precisi\u00f3n que hace falta, no a la precisi\u00f3n que sobra. Solemos confundir precisi\u00f3n con el n\u00famero de decimales y creemos que dar calidad es dar un resultado con 8 cifras significativas. Sin embargo eso no es as\u00ed, sino todo lo contrario, una precisi\u00f3n excesiva da imagen de mala calidad.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cLa precisi\u00f3n es la cualidad que mejor diferencia al profesional del estudiante:\u00a0<\/em><em>el profesional es mucho menos \u201cpreciso\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Conceptos b\u00e1sicos<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Definimos <strong>precisi\u00f3n<\/strong> como <strong>el error que cometemos al expresar un valor num\u00e9rico<\/strong>. Y se puede medir como el error que se comete al truncar la cifra dada. Por ejemplo, si decimos 335 estamos aunando los valores entre 334,9 y 335,9, es decir cometemos un error m\u00e1ximo de 1\/335, es decir, un 0,3% aproximadamente \u00bfOs parece mucho?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si decidimos trabajar con tres cifras, el m\u00e1ximo error que podr\u00edamos cometer ser\u00eda cuando expresamos 100,9 como 100, es decir, 0,9 de error sobre 100,9 es decir, un 1%. Y el m\u00e1ximo error que podemos cometer ser\u00eda cuando expresamos 999,9 como 999, es decir, 0,9 de error sobre 999,9 es decir, un 0,1%.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cUtilizando tres cifras significativas cometemos un error entre 1% y 0,1%.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si decidimos trabajar con tan solo dos cifras cometeremos un error entre el 1% y el 10%, seg\u00fan la cifra sea cercana a 10 o a 99. Este error ya es razonablemente alto.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Repasamos alguna confusi\u00f3n habitual, por ejemplo la de asumir que 0,00003 es m\u00e1s preciso que 3. Aunque parezca m\u00e1s precisa la cifra con decimales, ambas tienen exactamente la misma precisi\u00f3n, la correspondiente a tener <strong>una cifra significativa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Y otra confusi\u00f3n frecuente es pensar que 24 y 24,0 significan lo mismo, y no es as\u00ed \u00bfCu\u00e1l de las dos cifras es m\u00e1s precisa? Pues 24,0 porque tiene tres cifras significativas ya que la cifra 24 trunca valores entre 23,5 y 24,5 mientras que la cifra 24,0 trunca valores entre 23,95 y 24,05, o sea que es mucho m\u00e1s precisa \u00e9sta \u00faltima.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66492\" style=\"width: 1280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-66492 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi.jpg\" alt=\"Pier Luigi Nervi | Fuente: architetti.san.beniculturali.it\" width=\"1280\" height=\"865\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-1024x692.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/pier-luigi-nervi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier Luigi Nervi<\/a> | Fuente: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.architetti.san.beniculturali.it\/web\/architetti\/protagonisti\/scheda-protagonista?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_V64e&amp;articleId=16393&amp;p_p_lifecycle=1&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;groupId=10304&amp;viewMode=normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">architetti.san.beniculturali.it<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 precisi\u00f3n necesitas?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La respuesta es f\u00e1cil y muy l\u00f3gica, aunque poco com\u00fan. Para resolver un problema con la adecuada precisi\u00f3n, <strong>en cualquier disciplina, se necesita una precisi\u00f3n similar a la precisi\u00f3n de sus datos<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cualquier profesional, desde un nanotecn\u00f3logo hasta un astrof\u00edsico necesita una precisi\u00f3n no mayor que la de sus datos. Y no es m\u00e1s preciso un nanotecn\u00f3logo,aunque lo parezca, ya que su nivel de determinaci\u00f3n de los datos moleculares no pueden tener m\u00e1s de tres cifras significativas, aunque eso s\u00ed, si se habla en metros, tiene muchos decimales, m\u00e1s de nueve.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cCualquier profesional, del nanotecn\u00f3logo al astr\u00f3logo, necesita una precisi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima de tres cifras.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Y en el caso de la ingenier\u00eda estructural, \u00bfqu\u00e9 precisi\u00f3n necesitamos? Pues la que tienen nuestros datos \u00bfQu\u00e9 error cometemos en la determinaci\u00f3n de las acciones? \u00bfY en la determinaci\u00f3n de la resistencia de los materiales?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Para los consultores de estructuras <strong>estas dos son preguntas sangrantes<\/strong> pues nos baja los humos de la supuesta precisi\u00f3n de nuestra disciplina.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tenemos una precariedad notable en la definici\u00f3n de los valores de las acciones, que damos con una precisi\u00f3n de UNA cifra significativa. Es verdad que los pesos pueden darse con dos o tres cifras pero las sobrecargas de uso se dan con una cifra o m\u00e1xima.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a1C\u00f3mo vamos a hablar con cinco cifras significativas si estamos diciendo que una persona pesa UN kilonewton y que ponemos CINCO personas por m<sup>2<\/sup>!<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfY los materiales? Utilizamos hormig\u00f3n de resistencia caracter\u00edstica 25 o 30 (dos cifras) pero admitimos errores casi sin penalizaci\u00f3n de un 10%, es decir que, casi sin rechistar podemos aceptar hormigones que nominalmente son de 25 pero tienen una resistencia de caracter\u00edstica de 22,5 MPa. Para valorar la precisi\u00f3n en la determinaci\u00f3n de la resistencia caracter\u00edstica recordad que se obtiene a partir de la rotura de DOS probetas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfDespu\u00e9s de saber que nuestros datos tienen una cifra o dos, y por lo tanto, precisiones peores que un 10%, tiene sentido calcular momentos flectores con cinco cifras?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hace unos a\u00f1os en la conferencia de inauguraci\u00f3n de un <a href=\"http:\/\/obiter.us.es\/index.php\/categories\/13-sin-clasificar\/1062-arroyo2015-11-20-13-20-06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">m\u00e1ster de rehabilitaci\u00f3n<\/a> estructural en la Escuela de Arquitectura de Sevilla hablaba de la precisi\u00f3n en los momentos flectores. C\u00f3mo vamos a utilizar un resultado de 2345,72 mkN, adem\u00e1s hay que tener en cuenta que tantos n\u00fameros son muy dif\u00edciles de recordar y si no se pueden recordar se acaba perdiendo la visi\u00f3n de conjunto que es la m\u00e1s importante de las propiedades de un proyecto, para que sea razonable, para que tenga escala. Lo recordable de esa cifra es 2350, o como mucho 2345.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Por relacionar la precisi\u00f3n con nuestra experiencia personal, os hago una pregunta:<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00bfQu\u00e9 distancia hay de Madrid a Sevilla por carretera?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Si tiras de memoria podr\u00e1s llegar a decir que hay quinientos y pico. Si dices quinientos y poco ya est\u00e1s siendo bastante m\u00e1s preciso. Pero si dices 530\u2026<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a1Eres todo un conductor profesional!<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Y ya si dices 534, es que te haces la ruta a diario y, adem\u00e1s, vas siempre al mismo sitio, desde tu trabajo a la casa de tu abuela. Pero si en vez de ir a ver a tu abuela vas a Triana a tomar una ca\u00f1a, esa distancia cambia seguro. Por tanto, podr\u00edamos decir que te has pasado de precisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esta peque\u00f1a reflexi\u00f3n trae a mi memoria una gran verdad que en su d\u00eda, hablando de precisi\u00f3n con un viejo ingeniero me dijo y que recordar\u00e9 siempre<em>:<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u201cJuan Carlos, en cuestiones de precisi\u00f3n, a m\u00ed lo que m\u00e1s me preocupa es el signo\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66493\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66493\" style=\"width: 1200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-66493 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf.jpg\" alt=\"Frei Otto \u00a9 Ingenhoven und Partner Architekten, D\u00fcsseldorf\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/frei-otto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Frei Otto<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #999999;\"> \u00a9<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plataformaarquitectura.cl\/cl\/767750\/en-perspectiva-frei-otto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"> Ingenhoven und Partner Architekten, D\u00fcsseldorf<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Juan Carlos Arroyo (<a href=\"http:\/\/ingenio.xyz\/?affcode=34166_czq4xlne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ingenio.xyz<\/a>\u00a0y CALTER ingenier\u00eda) doctor ingeniero de caminos.<br \/>\nMadrid,\u00a0Diciembre 2017<\/p>\n<p>[:gl]<figure id=\"attachment_66490\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66490\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-66490\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet.jpg\" alt=\"Eug\u00e8ne Freyssinet |Fuente: alchetron.com\" width=\"640\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet.jpg 600w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66490\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/eugene-freyssinet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eug\u00e8ne Freyssinet<\/a> | Fonte: <a href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Eugene-Freyssinet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alchetron.com<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Non \u00e9 o mesmo 8 que 80; pero 227 si \u00e9 o mesmo que 222.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cA precisi\u00f3n verbal \u00e9 unha das mi\u00f1as maiores preocupaci\u00f3ns e a precisi\u00f3n num\u00e9rica \u00e9 unha das mi\u00f1as menores preocupaci\u00f3ns<\/em><em>.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Como profesor e enxe\u00f1eiro preoc\u00fapame moito a precisi\u00f3n. E hai que ser preciso desde dous puntos de vista, desde un punto de <strong>vista sem\u00e1ntico<\/strong> e desde un<strong> num\u00e9rico.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hai que falar con <strong>propiedade<\/strong> e con <strong>precisi\u00f3n<\/strong>, porque \u00e9 indiscutible que o uso das palabras concisas contrib\u00fae considerablemente \u00e1 claridade e comprensi\u00f3n dunha exposici\u00f3n. Non \u00e9 o mesmo a tensi\u00f3n admisible dun chan que a s\u00faa resistencia, non \u00e9 o mesmo tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima do aceiro que o seu l\u00edmite el\u00e1stico, non \u00e9 o mesmo carga permanente que carga morta, non \u00e9 o mesmo densidade que peso espec\u00edfico, non \u00e9 o mesmo carga caracter\u00edstica que carga media, non \u00e9 o mesmo m\u00f3dulo de elasticidade que m\u00f3dulo de deformaci\u00f3n, non \u00e9 o mesmo coeficiente de seguridade que coeficiente parcial de seguridade, non \u00e9 o mesmo coeficiente sobre cargas mayoradas que coeficiente sobre cargas caracter\u00edsticas, non \u00e9 o mesmo dimensionar que comprobar, non \u00e9 o mesmo ser perito do xu\u00edz que ser perito de parte, non \u00e9 o mesmo facturar que cobrar, non \u00e9 o mesmo calcular que proxectar, non \u00e9 o mesmo momento que momento flector, non \u00e9 o mesmo forza que esforzo, non \u00e9 o mesmo signo que sentido, non \u00e9 o mesmo paxaro en man,&#8230; e as\u00ed poderiamos seguir ata&#8230; poderiamos aplicalo a calquera campo, mesmo \u00e1 nosa vida coti\u00e1 onde o falar ultimamente&#8230; en fin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Desde o punto de vista num\u00e9rico<\/strong>, a precisi\u00f3n \u00e9 moi importante, ref\u00edrome \u00e1 precisi\u00f3n que fai falta, non \u00e1 precisi\u00f3n que sobra. Adoitamos confundir precisi\u00f3n co n\u00famero de decimais e cremos que dar calidade \u00e9 dar un resultado con 8 cifras significativas. Con todo iso non \u00e9 as\u00ed, sen\u00f3n todo o contrario, unha precisi\u00f3n excesiva d\u00e1 imaxe de mala calidade.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cA precisi\u00f3n \u00e9 a calidade que mellor diferenza ao profesional do estudante: o profesional \u00e9 moito meno<\/em><em>\u00a0\u201cpreciso\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Conceptos b\u00e1sicos.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Definimos <strong>precisi\u00f3n<\/strong> como <strong>o erro que cometemos ao expresar un valor num\u00e9rico<\/strong>. E p\u00f3dese medir como o erro que se comete ao truncar a cifra dada. Por exemplo, se dicimos 335 estamos a axuntar os valores entre 334,9 e 335,9, \u00e9 dicir cometemos un erro m\u00e1ximo de 1\/335, \u00e9 dicir, un 0,3% aproximadamente. Par\u00e9cevos moito?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se decidimos traballar con tres cifras, o m\u00e1ximo erro que poderiamos cometer ser\u00eda cando expresamos 100,9 como 100, \u00e9 dicir, 0,9 de erro sobre 100,9 \u00e9 dicir, un 1%. E o m\u00e1ximo erro que podemos cometer ser\u00eda cando expresamos 999,9 como 999, \u00e9 dicir, 0,9 de erro sobre 999,9 \u00e9 dicir, un 0,1%.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cUtilizando tres cifras significativas cometemos un erro entre 1% e 0,1%.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se decidimos traballar con tan s\u00f3 d\u00faas cifras cometeremos un erro entre o 1% e o 10%, segundo a cifra sexa pr\u00f3xima a 10 ou a 99. Este erro xa \u00e9 razoablemente alto.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Repasamos algunha confusi\u00f3n habitual, por exemplo a de asumir que 0,00003 \u00e9 m\u00e1is preciso que 3. A\u00ednda que pareza m\u00e1is precisa a cifra con decimais, ambas te\u00f1en exactamente a mesma precisi\u00f3n, a correspondente para ter unha <strong>cifra significativa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">E outra confusi\u00f3n frecuente \u00e9 pensar que 24 e 24,0 significan o mesmo, e non \u00e9 as\u00ed. Cal das d\u00faas cifras \u00e9 m\u00e1is precisa? Pois 24,0 porque ten tres cifras significativas xa que a cifra 24 trunca valores entre 23,5 e 24,5 mentres que a cifra 24,0 trunca valores entre 23,95 e 24,05, ou sexa que \u00e9 moito m\u00e1is precisa esta \u00faltima.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66492\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-66492\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-1024x692.jpg\" alt=\"Pier Luigi Nervi | Fuente: architetti.san.beniculturali.it\" width=\"640\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-1024x692.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/pier-luigi-nervi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier Luigi Nervi<\/a> | Fonte: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.architetti.san.beniculturali.it\/web\/architetti\/protagonisti\/scheda-protagonista?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_V64e&amp;articleId=16393&amp;p_p_lifecycle=1&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;groupId=10304&amp;viewMode=normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">architetti.san.beniculturali.it<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Que precisi\u00f3n necesitas?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A resposta \u00e9 f\u00e1cil e moi l\u00f3xica, a\u00ednda que pouco com\u00fan. Para resolver un problema coa adecuada precisi\u00f3n, <strong>en calquera disciplina, neces\u00edtase unha precisi\u00f3n similar \u00e1 precisi\u00f3n dos seus datos.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Calquera profesional, desde un nanotecn\u00f3logo ata un astrof\u00edsico necesita unha precisi\u00f3n non maior que a dos seus datos. E non \u00e9 m\u00e1is preciso un nanotecn\u00f3logo,a\u00ednda que o pareza, xa que o seu nivel de determinaci\u00f3n dos datos moleculares non poden ter m\u00e1is de tres cifras significativas, a\u00ednda que iso si, se se fala en metros, ten moitos decimais, m\u00e1is de nove.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cCalquera profesional, do nanotecn\u00f3logo ao astr\u00f3logo, necesita unha precisi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima de tres cifras.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">E no caso da enxe\u00f1er\u00eda estrutural, que precisi\u00f3n necesitamos? Pois a que te\u00f1en os nosos datos Que erro cometemos na determinaci\u00f3n das acci\u00f3ns? E na determinaci\u00f3n da resistencia dos materiais?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Para os consultores de estruturas <strong>estas d\u00faas son preguntas sanguentas<\/strong> pois nos baixa os fumes da suposta precisi\u00f3n da nosa disciplina.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Temos unha precariedade notable na definici\u00f3n dos valores das acci\u00f3ns, que damos cunha precisi\u00f3n dunha cifra significativa. \u00c9 verdade que os pesos poden darse con dous ou tres cifras pero as sobrecargas de uso danse cunha cifra ou m\u00e1xima.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Como imos falar con cinco cifras significativas se estamos a dicir que unha persoa pesa UN kilonewton e que po\u00f1emos CINCO persoas por <\/strong><strong>m<sup>2<\/sup>!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">E os materiais? Utilizamos formig\u00f3n de resistencia caracter\u00edstica 25 ou 30 (d\u00faas cifras) pero admitimos erros case sen penalizaci\u00f3n dun 10%, \u00e9 dicir que, case sen rechistar podemos aceptar formig\u00f3ns que nominalmente son de 25 pero te\u00f1en unha resistencia de caracter\u00edstica de 22,5 MPa. Para valorar a precisi\u00f3n na determinaci\u00f3n da resistencia caracter\u00edstica lembrade que se obt\u00e9n a partir da rotura de D\u00daAS probetas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despois de saber que os nosos datos te\u00f1en unha cifra ou d\u00faas, e por tanto, precisi\u00f3ns peores que un 10%, ten sentido calcular momentos flectores con cinco cifras?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hai uns anos na conferencia de inauguraci\u00f3n dun <a href=\"http:\/\/obiter.us.es\/index.php\/categories\/13-sin-clasificar\/1062-arroyo2015-11-20-13-20-06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">m\u00e1ster de rehabilitaci\u00f3n<\/a> estrutural na Escola de Arquitectura de Sevilla falaba da precisi\u00f3n nos momentos flectores. Como imos utilizar un resultado de 2345,72 mkN, ademais hai que ter en conta que tantos n\u00fameros son moi dif\u00edciles de lembrar e se non se poden lembrar ac\u00e1base perdendo a visi\u00f3n de conxunto que \u00e9 a m\u00e1is importante das propiedades dun proxecto, para que sexa razoable, para que te\u00f1a escala. O recordable desa cifra \u00e9 2350, ou como moito 2345.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Por relacionar a precisi\u00f3n coa nosa experiencia persoal, f\u00e1govos unha pregunta:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Que distancia hai de Madrid a Sevilla por estrada?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Se tiras de memoria poder\u00e1s chegar a dicir que hai cincocentos e pico. Se dis cincocentos e pouco xa est\u00e1s a ser bastante m\u00e1is preciso. Pero se dis 530&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Es todo un condutor profesional!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">E xa se dis 534, \u00e9 que che fas a ruta a diario e, ademais, vas sempre ao mesmo sitio, desde o teu traballo \u00e1 casa da t\u00faa avoa. Pero se no canto de ir ver \u00e1 t\u00faa avoa vas a Triana a tomar unha cana, esa distancia cambia seguro. Por tanto, poderiamos dicir que che pasaches de precisi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esta pequena reflexi\u00f3n trae \u00e1 mi\u00f1a memoria unha gran verdade que no seu d\u00eda, falando de precisi\u00f3n cun vello enxe\u00f1eiro d\u00edxome e que lembrarei sempre:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u201cXoan Carlos, en cuesti\u00f3ns de precisi\u00f3n, a min o que m\u00e1is me preocupa \u00e9 o signo\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66493\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66493\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-66493\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Frei Otto \u00a9 Ingenhoven und Partner Architekten, D\u00fcsseldorf\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/frei-otto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Frei Otto<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #999999;\"> \u00a9<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plataformaarquitectura.cl\/cl\/767750\/en-perspectiva-frei-otto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"> Ingenhoven und Partner Architekten, D\u00fcsseldorf<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Juan Carlos Arroyo (<a href=\"http:\/\/ingenio.xyz\/?affcode=34166_czq4xlne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ingenio.xyz<\/a>\u00a0e CALTER inxeeer\u00eda) doutor inxe\u00f1iero de cami\u00f1os.<br \/>\nMadrid,\u00a0Decembre 2017<\/p>\n<p>[:en]<figure id=\"attachment_66490\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66490\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-66490\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet.jpg\" alt=\"Eug\u00e8ne Freyssinet |Fuente: alchetron.com\" width=\"640\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet.jpg 600w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Eug\u00e8ne-Freyssinet-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66490\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/eugene-freyssinet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eug\u00e8ne Freyssinet<\/a> | Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/alchetron.com\/Eugene-Freyssinet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alchetron.com<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is not the same thing 8 that 80; but 227 yes it is the same thing that 222.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cThe verbal precision is one of my major worries and the numerical precision is one of my minor worries<\/em><em>.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As teacher and engineer much worries the precision. And it is necessary to be necessary from two points of view, from a <strong>semantic point<\/strong> of view and from the <strong>numerical one<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is necessary to speak with <strong>property<\/strong> and <strong>accurately<\/strong>, because it is indisputable that the use of the concise words contributes considerably to the clarity and comprehension of an exhibition.\u00a0The admissible tension of a soil is not the same that his resistance, maximum tension of the steel is not the same that his elastic limit, there is not the same permanent load that loads dead, density is not the same that specific weight, there is not the same typical load that loads average, is not the same module of elasticity that module of deformation, the same coefficient of safety is not that partial coefficient of safety, is not the same coefficient on loads mayoradas that coefficient on typical loads, is not the same thing measures that to verify,\u00a0it is not the same expert being of the judge who to be an expert of part, is not the same thing to invoice that to charge, it is not the same thing to calculate that to project, it is not the same moment that moment flector, it is not the same thing forces that I strengthen, the same sign is not that felt, the same bird is not in hand&#8230; and this way we might continue even \u2026 might apply it to any field, enclosedly to our daily life where to speak lately \u2026 in end.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>From the numerical point of view,<\/strong> the precision is very important, I say to the precision that it is necessary to have, not to the precision that exceeds. We are in the habit of confusing precision with the number of decimals and think that to give quality is to give a result with 8 significant numbers. Nevertheless it is not like that, but everything opposite, an excessive precision gives image of bad quality.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cThe precision is the quality that better difference to the professional of the student: the professional is much less\u00a0<\/em><em>\u201cprecise\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Basic concepts.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We define<strong> precision<\/strong> as <strong>the mistake that we commit on having expressed a numerical value<\/strong>. And it is possible to measure as the mistake that is committed on having truncated the given number. For example, if we say 335 we are uniting the values between 334,9 and 335,9, that is to say we commit a maximum mistake of 1\/335, that is to say, 0,3 % approximately does it seem to you to be great?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If we decide to work with three numbers, the maximum mistake that we might commit would be when we express 100,9 since 100, that is to say, 0,9 of mistake on 100,9 it is to say, a 1%. And the maximum mistake that we can commit would be when we express 999,9 since 999, that is to say, 0,9 of mistake on 999,9 it is to say, 0,1%.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cUsing three significant numbers we commit a mistake between 1 % and 0,1 %.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If we decide to work with only two numbers we will commit a mistake between 1% and 10%, according to the number be near to 10 or to 99. This mistake already is reasonably high.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We revise some habitual confusion, for example her of assuming that 0,00003 it is more precise than 3. Though the number seems to be more precise with decimals, both have exactly the same precision, the correspondent to have a <strong>significant number.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And another frequent confusion is to think that 24 and 24,0 mean the same thing, and is not like that which of two numbers is more precise? So 24,0 because it has three significant numbers since the number 24 truncates values between 23,5 and 24,5 whereas the number 24,0 truncates values between 23,95 and 24,05, or that is much more precise the latter.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66492\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-66492\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-1024x692.jpg\" alt=\"Pier Luigi Nervi | Fuente: architetti.san.beniculturali.it\" width=\"640\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-1024x692.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Pier-Luigi-Nervi.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/pier-luigi-nervi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pier Luigi Nervi<\/a> | Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.architetti.san.beniculturali.it\/web\/architetti\/protagonisti\/scheda-protagonista?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_V64e&amp;articleId=16393&amp;p_p_lifecycle=1&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;groupId=10304&amp;viewMode=normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">architetti.san.beniculturali.it<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What precision do you need?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The response is easy and very logical, though slightly common. To solve a problem with the suitable precision,<strong> in any discipline<\/strong>, <strong>there is needed a precision similar to the precision of his information<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Any professional, from a nanotecn\u00f3logo up to an astrophysicist needs a not major precision that that of his information. And a nanotecn\u00f3logo is not more precisely, though it it seems, since his level of determination of the molecular information they cannot have any more than three significant numbers, though it yes, if one speaks in meters, has many decimals, any more than nine.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>\u201cAny professional, of the nanotecn\u00f3logo to the astrologer, needs a maximum precision of three numbers.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And in case of the structural engineering, what precision do we need? So the one that our information has what mistake do we commit in the determination of the actions? And in the determination of the resistance of the materials?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For the consultants of these structures<strong> two are bleeding questions<\/strong> since it lowers the smokes of the supposed precision of our discipline.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We have a notable precariousness in the definition of the values of the actions, which we meet on a precision of a significant number. It is true that they can give the weight with two or three numbers but to give the overloads of use with a number or maxim.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>How we are going to speak with five significant numbers if we are saying that a person weighs A kilonewton and that we put FIVE persons for m<sup>2<\/sup>!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And the materials? We use concrete of typical resistance 25 or 30 (two numbers) but we admit mistakes almost without penalty of 10 %, that is to say that, almost without rechistar can accept concretes that nominally are of 25 but have a resistance of characteristic of 22,5 MPa. To value the precision for the determination of the typical resistance remember that it is obtained from the break of TWO manometers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After knowing that our information has a number or two, and therefore, precisions worse that 10 %, has felt to calculate moments flectores with five numbers?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A few years ago in the conference of inauguration of a <a href=\"http:\/\/obiter.us.es\/index.php\/categories\/13-sin-clasificar\/1062-arroyo2015-11-20-13-20-06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">master of structural rehabilitation<\/a> in the School of Architecture of Seville he was speaking about the precision in the moments flectores. How we are going to use a result of 2345,72 mkN, in addition it is necessary to bear in mind that so many numbers are very difficult to remember and if they cannot be remembered there ends up by getting lost the overall view that is the most important of the properties of a project, in order that it is reasonable, in order that it has scale. The memorable of this number is a 2350, or as very much 2345.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For relating the precision to our personal experience, I do a question to you:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>What distance is from Madrid to Seville by road?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If you pull memory you will be able to manage to say that there are five hundred and I sting. If you say five hundred and slightly already you are more precise enough. But if you say 530\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>You are the whole professional driver!<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And already if you say 534, it is that you do the route to yourself daily and, in addition, you go always to the same site, from your work to the house of your grandmother. But if instead of being going to see your grandmother you are going to Triana to take a cane, this distance changes insurance. Therefore, we might say that you have passed of precision.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This small reflection brings to my memory a great truth that in his day, speaking about precision with an old engineer he said to me and that I will remember always:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u201cJuan Carlos, in precision questions, to me what more worries me is the sign\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_66493\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-66493\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-66493\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Frei Otto \u00a9 Ingenhoven und Partner Architekten, D\u00fcsseldorf\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/El-oficio-de-consultor-de-estructuras-IV-Juan-Carlos-Arroyo-Frei-Otto-\u00a9-Ingenhoven-und-Partner-Architekten-D\u00fcsseldorf.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-66493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/tag\/frei-otto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Frei Otto<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #999999;\"> \u00a9<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plataformaarquitectura.cl\/cl\/767750\/en-perspectiva-frei-otto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"> Ingenhoven und Partner Architekten, D\u00fcsseldorf<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Juan Carlos Arroyo (<a href=\"http:\/\/ingenio.xyz\/?affcode=34166_czq4xlne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ingenio.xyz<\/a>\u00a0and CALTER ingenier\u00eda)\u00a0PhD\u00a0civil engineer.<br \/>\nMadrid,\u00a0December 2017<\/p>\n<p>[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/oficio-del-consultor-estructuras-iii-juan-carlos-arroyo\/ No es lo mismo 8 que 80; pero 227 s\u00ed es lo mismo que 222. \u201cLa precisi\u00f3n verbal es una de mis mayores preocupaciones\u00a0y la precisi\u00f3n num\u00e9rica es una de mis menores preocupaciones.\u201d Como profesor e ingeniero me preocupa mucho la precisi\u00f3n. Y hay que ser preciso desde dos puntos de vista, desde un [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":66490,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5934,5951],"tags":[3444,458,12774,1576,531,535,2198,6315,12772,4285,2635,12945,12771,758,759,12339,4798,2422,12855,2634,1103,7427,1865,1890,7295,12773,1241,12473],"class_list":["post-66457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-articulos","category-slider-principal","tag-eduardo-torroja","tag-educacion","tag-enrique-gracian","tag-ensenanza","tag-estructura","tag-estudiante","tag-eugene-freyssinet","tag-frei-otto","tag-ingenio-xyz","tag-inigo-garcia-odiaga","tag-instituto-torroja","tag-jose-calavera-ruiz","tag-jose-luis-gonzalez-quiros","tag-joven-arquitecto","tag-joven-valor","tag-juan-carlos-arroyo","tag-modelo-profesional","tag-norman-foster","tag-peter-rice","tag-pier-luigi-nervi","tag-profesion","tag-profesor","tag-reflexion","tag-reflexion-multidisciplinar","tag-richard-buckminster-fuller","tag-richard-p-feynman","tag-sociedad","tag-stepienybarno"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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