{"id":64713,"date":"2017-06-23T00:05:09","date_gmt":"2017-06-22T22:05:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=64713"},"modified":"2022-12-22T13:57:16","modified_gmt":"2022-12-22T12:57:16","slug":"arquitectura-informacional-1963-ivan-e-sutherland-sketchpad-man-machine-graphical-communication-system-miguel-villegas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/arquitectura-informacional-1963-ivan-e-sutherland-sketchpad-man-machine-graphical-communication-system-miguel-villegas\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]Arquitectura Informacional: 1963, Ivan E. Sutherland \u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d | Miguel Villegas[:gl]Arquitectura Informacional: 1963, Ivan E. Sutherland \u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d | Miguel Villegas[:en]Informational architecture: 1963, Ivan E. Sutherland \u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d | Miguel Villegas[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]<figure id=\"attachment_64714\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64714\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64714\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg\" alt=\"Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: Marcin Wichary\" width=\"750\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg 640w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64714\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: <a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mwichary\/2282609035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcin Wichary<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1963, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Sutherland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ivan E. Sutherland<\/strong><\/a>, presenta su tesis <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Sketchpad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d<\/a>, dirigida por <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Elwood_Shannon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Claude E. Shannon<\/strong><\/a>, creador de la <em>Teor\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n<\/em>.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abThe Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between men and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past,we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo de tesis doctoral fue la producci\u00f3n de un <em>nuevo<\/em> sistema de comunicaci\u00f3n con los ordenadores. Shutherland era consciente ya de las dificultades de uso que la abstracci\u00f3n necesaria para programar los ordenadores generaba en cierto tipo de usuarios y trat\u00f3 de construir un <em>sistema de mediaci\u00f3n<\/em> que, recurriendo a procedimientos naturales para los usuarios a los que trataba de llegar, solventase ese problema hacia el exterior, hacia el usuario, pero que internamente no perdiese esa capacidad de funcionamiento abstracto.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/USyoT_Ha_bA<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Uno de los puntos de inflexi\u00f3n que supuso el trabajo de Sutherland fue la <em>verdadera<\/em> objetualizaci\u00f3n y posterior instrumentalizaci\u00f3n del dibujo, no como proceso, sino como unidad de contenido.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abIt has turned out that the properties of a computer drawing are entirely different from a paper drawing not only because of the accuracy, ease of drawing, and speed of erasing provided by the computer, but also primarily because of the ability to move drawing parts around on a computer drawing without the need to erase them.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esto llevo a Sutherland a concebir, y aqu\u00ed es donde aparece la radical importancia de su propuesta, y que creemos ha sido olvidada hasta ahora en el desarrollo de los sistemas de <em>CAD<\/em>, un <strong>sistema de trabajo<\/strong> en el que, gracias a la objetualizaci\u00f3n del dibujo y a su consecuente capacidad de ser <em>manipulado de forma no destructiva<\/em>, se increment\u00f3 enormemente la capacidad operativa del usuario.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abAs the work has progressed, several simple and very widely applicable facilities have been discovered and implemented. They provide a subpicture capability for including arbitrary symbols on a drawing, a constraint capability for relating the parts of a drawing in any computable way, and a definition copying capability for building complex relationships from combinations of simple atomic constraints.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los conceptos de <em>subdibujo<\/em>, <em>restricci\u00f3n<\/em>, <em>definici\u00f3n<\/em> y <em>copia de definici\u00f3n<\/em>, exponen con claridad las capacidades de articulaci\u00f3n de la informaci\u00f3n en conocimiento o, como lo denomina Sutherland, <strong>computaci\u00f3n de procesos<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La acci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica pasa de ser inmediata a necesitar de una reflexi\u00f3n previa que construya sus estructuras internas.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have indicated that the vertices of the hexagon are to lie on the circle,and they will remain on the circle throughout our further manipulations. If we also insist that the sides of the hexagon be of equal length, a regular hexagon will be constructed.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En el ejemplo introductorio, la construcci\u00f3n de un hex\u00e1gono regular, apreciamos como, el pensamiento geom\u00e9trico que determina las reglas internas o de construcci\u00f3n de este pol\u00edgono, en Sketchpad, mediante la construcci\u00f3n de las <em>restricciones<\/em> y su conversi\u00f3n en una <em>definici\u00f3n<\/em>, llevar\u00e1 a ese elemento gr\u00e1fico a tener una identidad superior que, en nuestra opini\u00f3n, es capaz de trascender el grafismo, no ya en el plano sem\u00e1ntico, si no en el de la propia realidad.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have said, in effect, make this line equal in length to that line. We indicate that all six lines are equal in length by five such statements. The computer satisfies all existing conditions (if it is possible) whenever we turn on a toggle switch.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El <strong>subdibujo<\/strong> (<em>subpicture<\/em>) nos remite en Sketchpad a la posibilidad de <em>iterar<\/em>, a la fractalidad de ideas capaces de atomizarse iterativamente hasta elementos infinitesimales con una cualidad simb\u00f3lica id\u00e9ntica al primer nivel que les da origen.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/BKM3CmRqK2o<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <strong>restricci\u00f3n<\/strong> (<em>constraint<\/em>) no refleja la idea de limitaci\u00f3n si no, por el contrario, est\u00e1 indicando la construcci\u00f3n de relaciones conscientes y expl\u00edcitas entre elementos gr\u00e1ficos \u2013partes del dibujo\u2013 ya sea por determinaciones dimensionales o topol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <strong>copia de definici\u00f3n<\/strong> (<em>definition copying<\/em>) opera con la <em>instrumentalizaci\u00f3n operativa<\/em> del pensamiento, en tanto que es capaz de <em>objetualizar<\/em> una operaci\u00f3n intelectual, las <em>restricciones<\/em> \u2013independientemente de su complejidad\u2013 almacenarla y reutilizarla sin limitaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abSketchpad drawing itself is entirely different from the trail of carbon left on a piece of paper. Information about how the drawing is tied together is stored in the computer as well as the information which gives the drawing its particular appearance. Since the drawing is tied together, it will keep a useful appearance even when parts of it are moved. It is this ability to store information relating the parts of a drawing to each other that makes Sketchpad most useful.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Las referencias a la <em>informaci\u00f3n<\/em> son constantes en todo el trabajo, y puede que por ese propio exceso nos pase desapercibida su relevancia, pero es innegable que todo el proceso que Sutherland desarrolla pasa por la necesidad de traducir a digital las operaciones intelectuales que se producen al usar medios gr\u00e1ficos anal\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Es esta traducci\u00f3n a digital, y por tanto a informaci\u00f3n, la que fuerza a Sutherland a crear un <em>sistema<\/em> que le permita estructurar lo que hasta entonces ha sido <strong>una relaci\u00f3n inmediata pensamiento-dibujo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland, pese a lo primitivo del trabajo, es capaz ya de afirmar que el ordenador <em>no sabe<\/em> lo que est\u00e1 dibujando, no tiene capacidad de entender la capa sem\u00e1ntica del objeto representado, pero si <em>conoce y mantiene<\/em> las estructuras internas determinadas por el autor de los dibujos y que tambi\u00e9n tienen en si mismas una componente significante para la totalidad de la estructura.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abMost important of all, the computer \u201cknows\u201d that a \u201ctransistor\u201d is intended at that place in the circuit. It has no need to interpret the collection of lines which we would easily recog- nize as a transistor symbol. Since Sketchpad stores the topology of the drawing as we saw in closing the hexagon, one indicates both what a circuit looks like and its electrical connections when one draws it with Sketchpad.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"sketchpadyelprocesodedise\u00f1o.\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sketchpad y el proceso de dise\u00f1o.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De este modo, <em>Sketchpad<\/em> se convierte \u2013por necesidad de su funcionamiento\u2013 en un <em>modelo del proceso de dise\u00f1o<\/em>. El usuario\/dise\u00f1ador tiene que <em>hacer expl\u00edcito<\/em> el proceso de pensamiento \u2013hasta ahora aprendido, interiorizado y generalmente automatizado e inconsciente\u2013 que desarrolla en el acto creativo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Desde un enfoque claramente pragm\u00e1tico, y que se ha demostrado premonitorio en el desarrollo de los modelos de dise\u00f1o digital performativo (Oxman, 2006 y 2008)<sup>1,2<\/sup>, Sutherland asocia la capacidad de Sketchpad de cumplir <em>condiciones geom\u00e9tricas<\/em> con la necesaria capacidad de un dise\u00f1o de cumplir <em>condiciones de proyecto<\/em>, reafirmando su previsible utilidad.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abThe ability of Sketchpad to satisfy the geometric constraints applied to the parts of a drawing models the ability of a good designer to satisfy all the design conditions imposed by the limitations of his materials, cost, etc.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00e1s all\u00e1 del gran inter\u00e9s que tiene el relato <em>hist\u00f3rico<\/em> del desarrollo del programa que el propio autor incorpora a la tesis, es fundamental rese\u00f1ar que este relato describe con transparencia la importancia de <strong><em>entender los procesos<\/em><\/strong> en todo trabajo informacional.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland se enfrenta constantemente, y lo describe con claridad y profusi\u00f3n, con los conceptos de sistematizaci\u00f3n, de estructuraci\u00f3n en cadena, de <em>anidamiento<\/em>, de relaciones causa-efecto, de la separaci\u00f3n entre <em>lo gen\u00e9rico y lo espec\u00edfico<\/em>, y su propia consciencia de lo primitivo de su trabajo no hace si no animarlo anticipando futuras aplicaciones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los que tuvimos la suerte de disfrutar de asignaturas como <em>Est\u00e1tica Gr\u00e1fica<\/em>, no podemos dejar de asombrarnos de que, incluso en las etapas iniciales de desarrollo de Sketchpad, el programa pudiera ser utilizado para una resoluci\u00f3n muy aproximada de estructuras en celos\u00eda, llegando a anticipar el autor con seguridad que el salto a su aplicaci\u00f3n tridimensional era un <em>mero problema instrumental<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No podemos dejar de mencionar, pese a lo aparentemente anecd\u00f3tico, un comentario que el autor hace como de soslayo sobre la configuraci\u00f3n de la <em>interfaz<\/em> del sistema, en este caso todav\u00eda ruedas, diales, e interruptores f\u00edsicos, muy lejos todav\u00eda de los iconos o barras de comandos digitales de los programas actuales.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abUsers get used to either sense of change about equally poorly; the major user so far (the author) still must try the knob before being sure of which way it should be turned.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nos parece especialmente relevante este comentario por lo expl\u00edcito de la afirmaci\u00f3n de Sutherland. Incluso el usuario principal, el propio autor, debe <em>probar el dial<\/em> antes de confirmar la idoneidad de su uso.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En los sistemas instrumentales de representaci\u00f3n, lo trascendente no es la herramienta, si no su potencial.<\/p>\n<p>Miguel Villegas, arquitecto<br \/>\nEditor en <a href=\"http:\/\/arquitextonica.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arquitext\u00f3nica<\/a><br \/>\nSevilla, septiembre\u00a02015<\/p>\n<p>Notas:<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cTheory and Design in the First Digital Age.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 27, no. 3 (2006): 229-265.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cDigital Architecture as a Challenge for Design Pedagogy: Theory, Knowledge, Models and Medium.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 29, no. 2 (In: Design Studies. (Design Studies, March 2008, 29(2):99-120); 2008-03-01, : 99<\/p>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/cloudcnfare.com\/pdf.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script>[:gl]<figure id=\"attachment_64714\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64714\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64714\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg\" alt=\"Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: Marcin Wichary\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg 640w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64714\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fonte: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mwichary\/2282609035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcin Wichary<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1963, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Sutherland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ivan E. Sutherland<\/strong><\/a>, presenta a s\u00faa tese <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Sketchpad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d<\/a>, dirixida por <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Elwood_Shannon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Claude E. Shannon<\/strong><\/a>,, creador da <em>Teor\u00eda da Informaci\u00f3n.<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abThe Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between men and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past,we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">O obxectivo fundamental deste traballo de tese doutoral foi a produci\u00f3n dun <em>novo<\/em> sistema de comunicaci\u00f3n cos computadores. Shutherland era consciente xa das dificultades de uso que a abstracci\u00f3n necesaria para programar os computadores xeraba en certo tipo de usuarios e tratou de constru\u00edr un<em> sistema de mediaci\u00f3n<\/em> que, recorrendo a procedementos naturais para os usuarios aos que trataba de chegar, liquidase ese problema cara ao exterior, cara ao usuario, pero que internamente non perdese esa capacidade de funcionamento abstracto.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/USyoT_Ha_bA<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Un dos puntos de inflexi\u00f3n que supuxo o traballo de Sutherland foi a <em>verdadeira<\/em> objetualizaci\u00f3n e posterior instrumentalizaci\u00f3n do debuxo, non como proceso, sen\u00f3n como unidade de contido.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abIt has turned out that the properties of a computer drawing are entirely different from a paper drawing not only because of the accuracy, ease of drawing, and speed of erasing provided by the computer, but also primarily because of the ability to move drawing parts around on a computer drawing without the need to erase them.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Isto levo a Sutherland a concibir, e aqu\u00ed \u00e9 onde aparece a radical importancia da s\u00faa proposta, e que cremos foi esquecida ata agora no desenvolvemento dos sistemas de<em> CAD,<\/em> un <strong>sistema de traballo<\/strong> no que, grazas \u00e1 objetualizaci\u00f3n do debuxo e \u00e1 s\u00faa consecuente capacidade de ser <em>manipulado de forma non destrutiva<\/em>, incrementouse enormemente a capacidade operativa do usuario.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abAs the work has progressed, several simple and very widely applicable facilities have been discovered and implemented. They provide a subpicture capability for including arbitrary symbols on a drawing, a constraint capability for relating the parts of a drawing in any computable way, and a definition copying capability for building complex relationships from combinations of simple atomic constraints.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Os conceptos de <em>subdibujo, restrici\u00f3n, definici\u00f3n e copia de definici\u00f3n<\/em>, expo\u00f1en con claridade as capacidades de articulaci\u00f3n da informaci\u00f3n en co\u00f1ecemento ou, como o denomina Sutherland, <strong>computaci\u00f3n de procesos.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A acci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica pasa de ser inmediata a necesitar dunha reflexi\u00f3n previa que constr\u00faa as s\u00faas estruturas internas.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have indicated that the vertices of the hexagon are to lie on the circle,and they will remain on the circle throughout our further manipulations. If we also insist that the sides of the hexagon be of equal length, a regular hexagon will be constructed.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No exemplo introductorio, a construci\u00f3n dun hex\u00e1gono regular, apreciamos como, o pensamento xeom\u00e9trico que determina as regras internas ou de construci\u00f3n deste pol\u00edgono, en Sketchpad, mediante a construci\u00f3n das <em>restrici\u00f3ns<\/em> e a s\u00faa conversi\u00f3n nunha<em> definici\u00f3n<\/em>, levar\u00e1 a ese elemento gr\u00e1fico a ter unha identidade superior que, na nosa opini\u00f3n, \u00e9 capaz de transcender o grafismo, non xa no plano sem\u00e1ntico, se non no da propia realidade.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have said, in effect, make this line equal in length to that line. We indicate that all six lines are equal in length by five such statements. The computer satisfies all existing conditions (if it is possible) whenever we turn on a toggle switch.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">O <strong>subdibujo<\/strong> (<em>subpicture<\/em>) rem\u00edtenos en Sketchpad \u00e1 posibilidade de <em>iterar<\/em>, \u00e1 fractalidad de ideas capaces de atomizarse iterativamente ata elementos infinitesimais cunha calidade simb\u00f3lica id\u00e9ntica ao primeiro nivel que lles d\u00e1 orixe.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/BKM3CmRqK2o<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A <strong>restrici\u00f3n<\/strong> (<em>constraint<\/em>) non reflicte a idea de limitaci\u00f3n se non, pola contra, est\u00e1 a indicar a construci\u00f3n de relaci\u00f3ns conscientes e expl\u00edcitas entre elementos gr\u00e1ficos ?partes do debuxo? xa sexa por determinaci\u00f3ns dimensionales ou topol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A <strong>copia de definici\u00f3n<\/strong> (<em>definition copying<\/em>) opera coa <em>instrumentalizaci\u00f3n<\/em> operativa do pensamento, en tanto que \u00e9 capaz de<em> obxetualizar<\/em> unha operaci\u00f3n intelectual, as <em>restrici\u00f3ns<\/em> \u2013independentemente da s\u00faa complexidade\u2013 almacenala e reutilizala sen limitaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abSketchpad drawing itself is entirely different from the trail of carbon left on a piece of paper. Information about how the drawing is tied together is stored in the computer as well as the information which gives the drawing its particular appearance. Since the drawing is tied together, it will keep a useful appearance even when parts of it are moved. It is this ability to store information relating the parts of a drawing to each other that makes Sketchpad most useful.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As referencias \u00e1 <em>informaci\u00f3n<\/em> son constantes en todo o traballo, e poida que por ese propio exceso p\u00e1senos desapercibida a s\u00faa relevancia, pero \u00e9 innegable que todo o proceso que Sutherland desenvolve pasa pola necesidade de traducir a dixital as operaci\u00f3ns intelectuais que se producen ao usar medios gr\u00e1ficos anal\u00f3xicos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c9 esta traduci\u00f3n a dixital, e por tanto a informaci\u00f3n, a que forza a Sutherland a crear un<em> sistema<\/em> que lle permita estruturar o que ata ent\u00f3n foi unha relaci\u00f3n inmediata<strong> pensamento-debuxo.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland, a pesar do primitivo do traballo, \u00e9 capaz xa de afirmar que o computador non sabe o que est\u00e1 a debuxar, non ten capacidade de entender a capa sem\u00e1ntica do obxecto representado, pero se co\u00f1ece e mant\u00e9n as estruturas internas determinadas polo autor dos debuxos e que tam\u00e9n te\u00f1en en se mesmas unha compo\u00f1ente significante para a totalidade da estrutura.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abMost important of all, the computer \u201cknows\u201d that a \u201ctransistor\u201d is intended at that place in the circuit. It has no need to interpret the collection of lines which we would easily recog- nize as a transistor symbol. Since Sketchpad stores the topology of the drawing as we saw in closing the hexagon, one indicates both what a circuit looks like and its electrical connections when one draws it with Sketchpad.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"sketchpadyelprocesodedise\u00f1o.\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sketchpad e o proceso de dese\u00f1o.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deste xeito, <em>Sketchpad<\/em> conv\u00e9rtese \u2013por necesidade do seu funcionamento\u2013 nun modelo do proceso de dese\u00f1o. O usuario\/dese\u00f1ador ten que <em>facer expl\u00edcito<\/em> o proceso de pensamento \u2013ata agora aprendido, interiorizado e xeralmente automatizado e inconsciente\u2013 que desenvolve no acto creativo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Desde un enfoque claramente pragm\u00e1tico, e que se demostrou premonitorio no desenvolvemento dos modelos de dese\u00f1o dixital performativo (Oxman, 2006 e 2008)<sup>1,2<\/sup>, Sutherland asocia a capacidade de Sketchpad de cumprir <em>condici\u00f3ns xeom\u00e9tricas<\/em> coa necesaria capacidade dun dese\u00f1o de cumprir <em>condici\u00f3ns de proxecto<\/em>, reafirmando a s\u00faa previsible utilidade.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abThe ability of Sketchpad to satisfy the geometric constraints applied to the parts of a drawing models the ability of a good designer to satisfy all the design conditions imposed by the limitations of his materials, cost, etc.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00e1is al\u00f3 do gran interese que ten o relato <em>hist\u00f3rico<\/em> do desenvolvemento do programa que o propio autor incorpora \u00e1 tese, \u00e9 fundamental apuntar que este relato describe con transparencia a importancia de <strong><em>entender os procesos<\/em> <\/strong>en todo traballo informacional.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland enfr\u00f3ntase constantemente, e descr\u00edbeo con claridade e profusi\u00f3n, cos conceptos de sistematizaci\u00f3n, de estruturaci\u00f3n en cadea, de<em> anidamiento<\/em>, de relaci\u00f3ns causa-efecto, da separaci\u00f3n entre <em>o xen\u00e9rico e o espec\u00edfico<\/em>, e a s\u00faa propia consciencia do primitivo do seu traballo non fai se non animalo anticipando futuras aplicaci\u00f3ns.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Os que tivemos a sorte de gozar de materias como <em>Est\u00e1tica Gr\u00e1fica<\/em>, non podemos deixar de asombrarnos de que, mesmo nas etapas iniciais de desenvolvemento de Sketchpad, o programa puidese ser utilizado para unha resoluci\u00f3n moi aproximada de estruturas en celos\u00eda, chegando a anticipar o autor con seguridade que o salto \u00e1 s\u00faa aplicaci\u00f3n tridimensional era<em> un mero problema instrumental.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Non podemos deixar de mencionar, a pesar do aparentemente anecd\u00f3tico, un comentario que o autor fai como de esguello sobre a configuraci\u00f3n da<em> interface<\/em> do sistema, neste caso a\u00ednda rodas, diales, e interruptores f\u00edsicos, moi lonxe a\u00ednda das iconas ou barras de comandos dixitais dos programas actuais.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abUsers get used to either sense of change about equally poorly; the major user so far (the author) still must try the knob before being sure of which way it should be turned.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Par\u00e9cenos especialmente relevante este comentario polo expl\u00edcito da afirmaci\u00f3n de Sutherland. Incluso o usuario principal, o propio autor, debe <em>probar o dial<\/em> antes de confirmar a idoneidade do seu uso.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nos sistemas instrumentais de representaci\u00f3n, o transcendente non \u00e9 a ferramenta, se non o seu potencial.<\/p>\n<p>Miguel Villegas, arquitecto<br \/>\nEditor en arquitext\u00f3nica<br \/>\nSevilla, setembro 2015<\/p>\n<p>Notas:<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cTheory and Design in the First Digital Age.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 27, no. 3 (2006): 229-265.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cDigital Architecture as a Challenge for Design Pedagogy: Theory, Knowledge, Models and Medium.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 29, no. 2 (In: Design Studies. (Design Studies, March 2008, 29(2):99-120); 2008-03-01, : 99[:en]<figure id=\"attachment_64714\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64714\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-64714\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg\" alt=\"Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: Marcin Wichary\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg 640w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64714\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mwichary\/2282609035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcin Wichary<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1963, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Sutherland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ivan E. Sutherland<\/strong><\/a>, presents his thesis <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Sketchpad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d<\/a>, directed by <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Elwood_Shannon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Claude E. Shannon<\/strong><\/a>, creator of the <em>Theory of the Information<\/em>.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abThe Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between men and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past,we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The fundamental aim of this work of doctoral thesis was the production of a<em> new system<\/em> of communication with the computers. Shutherland was conscious already of the difficulties of use that the necessary abstraction to programme the computers was generating in certain type of users and it tried to construct a<em> system of mediation<\/em> that, resorting to natural procedures for the users to whom it was trying to come, was settling this problem towards the exterior, towards the user, but that internally was not losing this capacity of abstract functioning.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/USyoT_Ha_bA<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">One of the points of inflexion that supposed Sutherland&#8217;s work was the<em> real<\/em> objetuatilation and later instrumentalizaci\u00f3n of the drawing, not as process, but as unit of content.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abIt has turned out that the properties of a computer drawing are entirely different from a paper drawing not only because of the accuracy, ease of drawing, and speed of erasing provided by the computer, but also primarily because of the ability to move drawing parts around on a computer drawing without the need to erase them.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This I lead Sutherland to conceiving, and here it is where there appears the radical importance of his offer, and that we believe has been forgotten till now in the development of<em> CAD<\/em>&#8216;s systems, a <em>work system<\/em>\u00a0in which, thanks to the objetualizaci\u00f3n of the drawing and to his consistent aptitude to <em>be manipulated of not destructive form<\/em>, the operative capacity of the user was increased enormously.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abAs the work has progressed, several simple and very widely applicable facilities have been discovered and implemented. They provide a subpicture capability for including arbitrary symbols on a drawing, a constraint capability for relating the parts of a drawing in any computable way, and a definition copying capability for building complex relationships from combinations of simple atomic constraints.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The concepts of <em>subdrawing, restriction, definition and copy of definition<\/em>, they expose with clarity the capacities of joint of the information in knowledge or, since it names it Sutherland, <strong>process computation.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The graphical action happens of being immediate to needing from a previous reflection that he constructs his internal structures.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have indicated that the vertices of the hexagon are to lie on the circle,and they will remain on the circle throughout our further manipulations. If we also insist that the sides of the hexagon be of equal length, a regular hexagon will be constructed.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the introductory example, the construction of a regular hexagon, we estimate like, the geometric thought that determines the internal rules or of construction of this polygon, in Sketchpad, by means of the construction of the <em>restrictions<\/em> and his conversion in a <em>definition,<\/em> it will lead to this graphical element to having a top identity that, in our opinion, is capable of coming out the graphic design, not already in the semantic plane, if not in that of the own reality.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have said, in effect, make this line equal in length to that line. We indicate that all six lines are equal in length by five such statements. The computer satisfies all existing conditions (if it is possible) whenever we turn on a toggle switch.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The<strong> subpicture\u00a0<\/strong>sends us in Sketchpad to the possibility of iterar, to the fractalidad of ideas capable of being atomized iterativamente up to infinitesimal elements by a symbolic identical quality to the first level that gives them origin.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/BKM3CmRqK2o<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>constraint\u00a0<\/strong>does not reflect the idea of limitation if not, on the contrary, it is indicating the construction of conscious and explicit relations between graphical elements &#8211; parts of the drawing &#8211; already be for dimensional determinations or typologys.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>definition copying<\/strong> operates with the operative<em> exploitation<\/em> of the thought, while an intellectual operation is capable of <em>objetualizar<\/em>, the <em>restrictions<\/em> -independently of his complexity- to store it and reutilizarla without limitation.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abSketchpad drawing itself is entirely different from the trail of carbon left on a piece of paper. Information about how the drawing is tied together is stored in the computer as well as the information which gives the drawing its particular appearance. Since the drawing is tied together, it will keep a useful appearance even when parts of it are moved. It is this ability to store information relating the parts of a drawing to each other that makes Sketchpad most useful.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The references to the <em>information<\/em> are constant in all the work, and it is possible that for this own excess his relevancy happens to us unnoticed, but it is undeniable that the whole process that Sutherland develops spends for the need to translate into foxglove the intellectual operations that take place on having used graphical analogical means.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is this translation to foxglove, and therefore to information, which forces Sutherland to create a <em>system<\/em> that allows him to structure what till then has been an <strong>immediate relation thought &#8211; drawing.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland, in spite of the primitive of the work, is capable already of affirming that the computer does not know what it is drawing, there does not have aptitude to understand the semantic cap of the represented object, but if it <em>knows and supports<\/em> the internal structures determined by the author of the drawings and that also they have in if same one significant componente for the totality of the structure.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abMost important of all, the computer \u201cknows\u201d that a \u201ctransistor\u201d is intended at that place in the circuit. It has no need to interpret the collection of lines which we would easily recog- nize as a transistor symbol. Since Sketchpad stores the topology of the drawing as we saw in closing the hexagon, one indicates both what a circuit looks like and its electrical connections when one draws it with Sketchpad.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"sketchpadyelprocesodedise\u00f1o.\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sketchpad and the process of design.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thus, <em>Sketchpad<\/em> turns &#8211; for need of his functioning &#8211; into a<em> model of the process<\/em> <em>of design<\/em>. The user \/ designer has to make the process of thought explicit &#8211; till now now learned, internalized and generally automated and unconsciously &#8211; that it develops forthwith creativly.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From a clearly pragmatic approach, and that has demonstrated indicative in the development of the models of digital design performativo (Oxman, 2006 and 2008)<sup>1,2<\/sup>, Sutherland associates Sketchpad&#8217;s aptitude to fulfill <em>geometric conditions<\/em> with the necessary capacity of a design to fulfill<em> project conditions<\/em>, reaffirming his predictable usefulness.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abThe ability of Sketchpad to satisfy the geometric constraints applied to the parts of a drawing models the ability of a good designer to satisfy all the design conditions imposed by the limitations of his materials, cost, etc.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Beyond the great interest that has the <em>historical<\/em> statement of the development of the program that the own author incorporates into the thesis, it is fundamental to outline that this statement describes with transparency the importance of <em>understanding the processes<\/em> in all work informacional.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland faces constant, and describes it with clarity and profusion, with the concepts of systematizing, of structure in chain, of anidamiento, of cause and effect relationships, of the separation between <em>the generic thing and the specific thing<\/em>, and his own conscience of the primitive of his work does not do if not to encourage it anticipating future applications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Those that we were lucky to enjoy subjects as<em> Graphical Statics<\/em>, we cannot stop astonishing that, even in the initial stages of Sketchpad&#8217;s development, the program could be used for a resolution very brought near of structures in lattice, managing to anticipate the author safely that the jump to his three-dimensional application was a <em>mere instrumental problem.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We cannot stop mentioning, in spite of the seemingly anecdotal thing, a comment that the author does like obliquely on the configuration of the <em>interface<\/em> of the system, in this case still you roll, dials, and physical switches, very far still of the icons or bars of digital commands of the current programs.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abUsers get used to either sense of change about equally poorly; the major user so far (the author) still must try the knob before being sure of which way it should be turned.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This comment seems to us to be specially relevant for the explicit of Sutherland&#8217;s affirmation. Even the principal user, the own author, must prove the<em> dial<\/em> before confirming the suitability of his use.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the instrumental systems of representation, the transcendent thing is not the tool, if not his potential.<\/p>\n<p>Miguel Villegas, architect<br \/>\nEditor in arquitext\u00f3nica<br \/>\nSevilla, september 2015<\/p>\n<p>Notes:<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cTheory and Design in the First Digital Age.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 27, no. 3 (2006): 229-265.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cDigital Architecture as a Challenge for Design Pedagogy: Theory, Knowledge, Models and Medium.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 29, no. 2 (In: Design Studies. (Design Studies, March 2008, 29(2):99-120); 2008-03-01, : 99[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:es] En 1963, Ivan E. Sutherland, presenta su tesis \u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d, dirigida por Claude E. Shannon, creador de la Teor\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n. \u00abThe Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between men and computers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":64714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[10910,12847,13018,458,1576,7470,1714,13017,5129,856,5147,2825,5130,4798,6148,1103,1106,5244,1278],"class_list":["post-64713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-faro","category-slider-principal","tag-arquitectura-informacional","tag-bim","tag-claude-e-shannon","tag-educacion","tag-ensenanza","tag-fabricacion-digital","tag-identidad-digital","tag-ivan-e-sutherland","tag-lourdes-bueno-garnica","tag-metodo-tradicional","tag-metodologia","tag-metodologia-proyectuales","tag-miguel-villegas-ballesta","tag-modelo-profesional","tag-procesos-digitales","tag-profesion","tag-programa","tag-red-digital","tag-teoria"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>[:es]Arquitectura Informacional: 1963, Ivan E. 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