{"id":34578,"date":"2013-12-13T06:33:34","date_gmt":"2013-12-13T06:33:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=34578"},"modified":"2020-01-28T10:58:52","modified_gmt":"2020-01-28T09:58:52","slug":"hacer-ciudad-es-nuestro-desafio-martin-marcos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/hacer-ciudad-es-nuestro-desafio-martin-marcos\/","title":{"rendered":"Hacer ciudad es nuestro desaf\u00edo | Mart\u00edn MarcosFacer cidade \u00e9 o noso desaf\u00edo | Mart\u00edn MarcosDoing city is our challenge | Martin Marcos"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>
Barrios cerrados en el Delta de Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

No conocemos su nombre pero hace pocos meses en alg\u00fan lugar del mundo naci\u00f3 el habitante n\u00famero siete mil millones. \u201cLos pr\u00f3ximos dos mil millones de personas que se agregar\u00e1n a la poblaci\u00f3n mundial vivir\u00e1n en ciudades; en consecuencia, es necesario planificar para ellos desde ahora\u201d advierte el informe \u201cEstado de la Poblaci\u00f3n Mundial 2011\u201d de la ONU.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Viviendas sociales en Provincia de Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00bfD\u00f3nde alojar a esos millones por venir? \u201cEl Triunfo de las Ciudades\u201d, reciente libro del profesor de Harvard Edward Glaeser, reivindica que ellas -las grandes ciudades- son la \u00fanica alternativa a esta temible combinaci\u00f3n de crecimiento demogr\u00e1fico explosivo, calentamiento global, crisis energ\u00e9tica y pobreza end\u00e9mica: \u201cSeria mucho mejor para el planeta que su poblaci\u00f3n urbana viviese en ciudades densas levantadas alrededor del ascensor, en lugar de hacerlo en \u00e1reas diseminadas construidas en torno al autom\u00f3vil\u201d. Sus estudios demuestran que la ciudad extendida de baja densidad poblacional provoca mayor impacto ambiental y social negativo que las urbes compactas y densas. La casa individual exenta -mal que nos pese a los arquitectos- ha devenido en el tipo de vivienda que m\u00e1s energ\u00eda, tierra y agua consume; siendo la contra-cara de un modelo territorial inviable y ecol\u00f3gicamente insustentable. \u00bfPodemos seguir ense\u00f1ando, publicando y premiando estos paradigm\u00e1ticos ejemplos de la \u201calta costura\u201d arquitect\u00f3nica sin hacer una reflexi\u00f3n critica de sus consecuencias?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Barrios Ej\u00e9rcito de los Andes (Fuerte Apache) en Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Aqu\u00ed el 92% de los argentinos vivimos en ciudades y sus periferias han crecido en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os de tres formas: La privada mediante barrios cerrados y similares; la p\u00fablica con conjuntos habitacionales de vivienda social, y la espont\u00e1nea v\u00eda asentamientos irregulares y villas miseria. As\u00ed y por distintas razones, se ha agrandado la mancha urbana sin planificaci\u00f3n y con muy baja densidad; ocupando gran cantidad de tierras f\u00e9rtiles o interviniendo imprudentemente fr\u00e1giles eco-sistemas de regulaci\u00f3n hidrol\u00f3gica como humedales y otras zonas inundables. Hoy los barrios cerrados usan 40 mil hect\u00e1reas contra las 20 mil de la ciudad de Buenos Aires; duplican su superficie para albergar menos gente que el barrio de Caballito. Un verdadero despilfarro del territorio m\u00e1s rico y productivo del planeta, justo cuando los alimentos son vitales. Adem\u00e1s su dependencia del autom\u00f3vil conlleva altos consumos de combustibles f\u00f3siles y emisiones de CO2 que agravan el calentamiento global. Probablemente por ello Rosario ha sido la primera ciudad del pa\u00eds en debatir p\u00fablicamente y prohibir nuevos barrios cerrados en su periferia. Privilegiar el valor social y estrat\u00e9gico del suelo por sobre la especulaci\u00f3n y la fragmentaci\u00f3n son fundamentos de la flamante Ley. \u00bfEs sostenible continuar loteando al infinito la Pampa H\u00fameda y el Delta?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Villa 31, Retiro, Ciudad de Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Desde el sector p\u00fablico, la vivienda de inter\u00e9s social tambi\u00e9n ha evitado la densidad y el tejido urbano compacto, probablemente para alejarse del fracaso de los barrios tipo \u201cFuerte Apache\u201d en los a\u00f1os `70. En su reemplazo este Estado ha optado \u2013 casi siempre- por conjuntos aislados de casas en las periferias. Sin una reflexi\u00f3n arquitect\u00f3nica ni de los materiales y el ambiente que se proponen; con trazados de calles ensimismados que suplantan la eficaz \u201cmanzana criolla\u201d, estas \u201csoluciones habitacionales\u201d han sido una nueva oportunidad perdida para convocar a pensar, dise\u00f1ar y construir un mejor h\u00e1bitat para muchos. Hoy es m\u00e1s importante hacer ciudad que hacer viviendas. Por eso lo sin\u00e9rgico es abrir calles y urbanizar las villas, crear espacio p\u00fablico de calidad en zonas marginales, mejorar viviendas existentes, densificar y llevar agua potable y cloacas all\u00ed donde no existen, sanear el Riachuelo y las cuencas contaminadas del conurbano, fortalecer ciudades intermedias, e invertir seriamente en los trenes y el transporte p\u00fablico metropolitano.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Viviendas estatales del Plan Federal 2010 (Argentina)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Barrios cerrados, conjuntos habitacionales aislados y asentamientos irregulares de pobreza extrema son, por opci\u00f3n o por necesidad, modelos no sostenibles de anti-ciudad.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Calle en el centro de la ciudad de Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hacer ciudad. \u00bfC\u00f3mo? Compacta e intensa, mezclando gente, usos, densidades y tipolog\u00edas edilicias diferentes. Con espacio p\u00fablico de alta calidad; plazas, calles y parques de cuidado dise\u00f1o y mantenimiento. Con actividades comerciales y productivas compatibles con una vida sana. Con nuevas viviendas colectivas, c\u00f3modas, eficientes energ\u00e9ticamente, hechas con materiales sustentables y techos verdes. Con equipamientos culturales, educativos y sanitarios para todos. Con transporte p\u00fablico extendido, sostenible y diversificado. Cuidando los barrios, el ambiente y nuestro patrimonio. Integrando y urbanizando las villas y las periferias informes. Posibilitando con pol\u00edticas activas el acceso a una vivienda digna y urbana. Una ciudad mejor, m\u00e1s solidaria, donde impere la ley y donde los distintos podamos convivir sin tener que recurrir a muros y seguridad privada. Donde cada uno encuentre su lugar y pueda construir su propio proyecto de felicidad. Esta podr\u00eda ser la soluci\u00f3n a nuestra actual encrucijada. \u00bfEstaremos en condiciones, como disciplina y colectivo profesional, de asumir este crucial desaf\u00edo?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Espacio P\u00fablico en la ciudad de Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Martin Marcos\u00a0. Arquitecto y urbanista. Profesor Titular FADU UBA
\nbuenos aires. diciembre de 2013<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Closed neighborhoods in the Delta of Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

We do not know his name but a few months ago in any place of the world the inhabitant was born number seven billions. \u00abThe near two billion persons who will join to the world population will live in cities; in consequence, it is necessary to plan for them from now\u00bb he notices formless \u00abState of the World Population 2011\u00bb of the ONU.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Social housings in Province of Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Where to lodge to these millions for coming? \u00abThe Victory of the Cities\u00bb, recent book of Harvard Edward’s teacher Glaeser, claims that they – the big cities – are the only alternative to this fearsome combination of demographic explosive growth, global warming, energetic crisis and endemic poverty: \u00abSerious much better for the planet that his urban population was living in dense cities raised about the elevator, instead of doing it in spread areas constructed concerning the car\u00bb. His studies demonstrate that the widespread city of low population density provokes major environmental and social negative impact that the compact and dense cities. The one-family house exempts-mal that us in spite of the architects – has developed into the type of housing that more energy, land and water consumes; being the counter- face of a territorial unviable and ecologically unsustainable model. Can we continue teaching, publishing and rewarding these paradigmatic examples of the \u00bb high seam \u00bb architectural without doing a critical reflection of his consequences?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Neighborhoods Army of the Andes (Fuerte Apache) in Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Here 92 % of the Argentinians we live in cities and his peripheries have grown in the last years of three forms: The private road by means of closed and similar neighborhoods; the public one with sets habitacionales of social housing, and the spontaneous route irregular accessions and villas misery. This way and for different reasons, the urban spot has been enlarged without planning and with very low density; occupying great quantity of fertile lands or controlling imprudently fragile ecosystems of hydrological regulation like wetlands and other zones inundables. Today the closed neighborhoods use 40 thousand hectares against 20 thousand of the city of Buenos Aires; they duplicate his surface to shelter less people than the neighborhood of Pony. A real squandering of the richest and productive territory of the planet, I joust when the food is vital. In addition his dependence of the car carries high consumptions of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions that aggravate the global warming. Probably for it Rosary has been the first city of the country in debating publicly and prohibiting new neighborhoods closed in his periphery. To favour the social and strategic value of the soil for on the speculation and the fragmentation are foundations of the flaming Law. Is it sustainable to continue loteando to the infinite the Humid Pampas and the Delta?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Villa 31, Retiro, City of Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

From the public sector, the housing of social interest also has avoided the density and the urban compact fabric, probably to move away from the failure of the neighborhoods type \u00abFuerte Apache\u00bb in the years `70. In his replacement this State has chosen – almost always – for sets isolated of houses in the peripheries. Without an architectural reflection not of the materials and the environment that they propose; with tracings streets ensimismados that supplant the effective \u00abCreole apple\u00bb, these \u00absolutions habitacionales\u00bb have been a new opportunity lost to call to thinking, to designing and constructing a better habitat for many. Today it is more important do city than do housings. Because of it sin\u00e9rgico is to open streets and to urbanize the villas, to create public space of quality in marginal zones, to improve existing housings, to densify and to take drinkable water and sewage there where they do not exist, sanear the Creek and the basins contaminated with the conurbano, to strengthen intermediate cities, and to invest seriously in the trains and the public metropolitan transport.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
State housings of the Federal Plan 2010 (Argentina)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Closed neighborhoods, joint isolated habitacionales and irregular accessions of extreme poverty are, for option or for need, not sustainable models of anti-city.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Street in the downtown of Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To do city. How? Compact and intense, mixing people, uses, densities and tipolog\u00edas edilicias different. With public space of high quality; squares, streets and parks of elegant design and maintenance. With commercial and productive activities compatible with a healthy life. With new collective, comfortable, efficient housings energetically, done with sustainable materials and green ceilings. With cultural, educational and sanitary equipments for all. With public widespread, sustainable and diversified transport. Taking care of the neighborhoods, the environment and our heritage. Integrating and urbanizing the villas and the formless peripheries. Making possible with policies you activate the access to a worthy and urban housing. A better, more solidary city, where the law reigns and where the different ones we could coexist without having to resort to walls and private safety. Where each one finds his place and could construct his own project of happiness. This one might be the solution to our current crossroads. Will we be in conditions, as discipline and professional group, of assuming this crucial challenge?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Public space in the city of Buenos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Martin Marcos . Architect and town planner. Teacher Titular FADU UBA
\nbuenos aires. december\u00a0 2013<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Barrios pechados no Delta de Bos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

Non co\u00f1ecemos o seu nome pero hai poucos meses nalg\u00fan lugar do mundo naceu o habitante n\u00famero sete mil mill\u00f3ns. \u00abOs pr\u00f3ximos dous mil mill\u00f3ns de persoas que se agregar\u00e1n \u00e1 poboaci\u00f3n mundial vivir\u00e1n en cidades; en consecuencia, \u00e9 necesario planificar para eles dende agora\u00bb advirte o informe \u00abEstado da Poboaci\u00f3n Mundial 2011\u00bb da ONU.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Vivendas sociais na Provincia de Bos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00bfOnde aloxar eses mill\u00f3ns por vir? \u00abO Triunfo das Cidades\u00bb, recente libro do profesor de Harvard Edward Glaeser, reivindica que elas -as grandes cidades- son a \u00fanica alternativa a esta temible combinaci\u00f3n de crecemento demogr\u00e1fico explosivo, quentamento global, crise enerx\u00e9tica e pobreza end\u00e9mica: \u00abSeria moito mellor para o planeta que a s\u00faa poboaci\u00f3n urbana vivira en cidades densas levantadas arredor do ascensor, en lugar de facelo en \u00e1reas diseminadas constru\u00eddas en torno ao autom\u00f3bil,\u00bb. Os seus estudos demostran que a cidade estendida de baixa densidade poboacional provoca maior impacto ambiental e social negativo que as urbes compactas e densas. A casa individual exentar -mal que nos malia os arquitectos- deveu no tipo de vivenda que m\u00e1is enerx\u00eda, terra e auga consume; sendo a contra-cara dun modelo territorial inviable e ecoloxicamente insustentable. \u00bfPodemos seguir ensinando, publicando e premiando estes paradigm\u00e1ticos exemplos da \u00abalta costura\u00bb arquitect\u00f3nica sen facer unha reflexi\u00f3n critica das s\u00faas consecuencias?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Barrios Ex\u00e9rcito dos Andes (Forte Apache) en Bos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Aqu\u00ed o 92% dos arxentinos vivimos en cidades e as s\u00faas periferias creceron nos \u00faltimos anos de tres formas: A privada mediante barrios pechados e similares; a p\u00fablica con conxuntos habitacionales de vivenda social, e a espont\u00e1nea v\u00eda asentamentos irregulares e vilas miseria. As\u00ed e por distintas raz\u00f3ns, agrandouse a mancha urbana sen planificaci\u00f3n e con moi baixa densidade; ocupando gran cantidade de terras f\u00e9rtiles ou intervindo imprudentemente fr\u00e1xiles eco-sistemas de regulaci\u00f3n hidrol\u00f3xica como bra\u00f1as e outras zonas inundables. Hoxe os barrios pechados usan 40 mil hect\u00e1reas contra as 20 mil da cidade de Bos Aires; duplican a s\u00faa superficie para albergar menos xente que o barrio de Caballito. Unha verdadeira dilapidaci\u00f3n do territorio m\u00e1is rico e produtivo do planeta, xusto cando os alimentos son vitais. Ademais a s\u00faa dependencia do autom\u00f3bil leva consigo altos consumos de combustibles f\u00f3siles e emisi\u00f3ns de CO2 que agrava o quentamento global. Probablemente por iso Rosario foi a primeira cidade do pa\u00eds en debater publicamente e prohibir novos barrios pechados na s\u00faa periferia. Privilexiar o valor social e estrat\u00e9xico do chan por sobre a especulaci\u00f3n e a fragmentaci\u00f3n son fundamentos da flamante Lei. \u00bf\u00c9 sostible continuar loteando ao infinito a Pampa H\u00famida e o Delta?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Vila 31, Retiro, Cidade de Bos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dende o sector p\u00fablico, a vivenda de interese social tam\u00e9n evitou a densidade e o tecido urbano compacto, probablemente para afastarse do fracaso dos barrios tipo \u00abForte Apache\u00bb nos anos ’70. Na s\u00faa substituci\u00f3n este Estado optou – case sempre- por conxuntos illados de casas nas periferias. Sen unha reflexi\u00f3n arquitect\u00f3nica nin dos materiais e o ambiente que se propo\u00f1en; con trazados de r\u00faas ensimesmados que suplantan a eficaz \u00abmaz\u00e1 crioula\u00bb, estas \u00absoluci\u00f3ns habitacionales\u00bb foron unha nova oportunidade perdida para convocar a pensar, dese\u00f1ar e constru\u00edr un mellor h\u00e1bitat para moitos. Hoxe \u00e9 m\u00e1is importante facer cidade que facer vivendas. Por iso o sin\u00e9rxico \u00e9 abrir r\u00faas e urbanizar as vilas, crear espazo p\u00fablico de calidade en zonas marxinais, mellorar vivendas existentes, densificar e levar auga potable e cloacas al\u00ed onde non existen, sanear o Regato e as concas contaminadas do conurbano, fortalecer cidades intermedias, e investir seriamente nos trens e o transporte p\u00fablico metropolitano.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Vivendas estatais do Plan Federal 2010 (Arxentina)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Barrios pechados, conxuntos habitaciona\u00e1is illados e asentamentos irregulares de pobreza extrema son, por opci\u00f3n ou por necesidade, modelos non sostibles de anti-cidade.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
R\u00faa no centro da cidade de Bos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Facer cidade. \u00bfComo? Compacta e intensa, mesturando xente, usos, densidades e tipolox\u00edas edilicias diferentes. Con espazo p\u00fablico de alta calidade; prazas, r\u00faas e parques de coidado dese\u00f1o e mantemento. Con actividades comerciais e produtivas compatibles cunha vida sanda. Con novas vivendas colectivas, c\u00f3modas, eficientes enerxeticamente, feitas con materiais sustentables e teitos verdes. Con equipamentos culturais, educativos e sanitarios para todos. Con transporte p\u00fablico estendido, sostible e diversificado. Coidando os barrios, o ambiente e o noso patrimonio. Integrando e urbanizando as vilas e as periferias informes. Posibilitando con pol\u00edticas activas o acceso a unha vivenda digna e urbana. Unha cidade mellor, m\u00e1is solidaria, onde impere a lei e onde os distintos poidamos convivir sen ter que recorrer a muros e seguridade privada. Onde cada un encontre o seu lugar e poida constru\u00edr o seu propio proxecto de felicidade. Esta poder\u00eda ser a soluci\u00f3n \u00e1 nosa actual encrucillada. \u00bfEstaremos en condici\u00f3ns, como disciplina e colectivo profesional, de asumir este crucial desaf\u00edo?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Espaxo P\u00fablico na cidade de Bos Aires<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Martin Marcos . Arquitecto e urbanista. Profesor Titular FADU UBA
\nbos aires. decembro de 2013<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

No conocemos su nombre pero hace pocos meses en alg\u00fan lugar del mundo naci\u00f3 el habitante n\u00famero siete mil millones. \u201cLos pr\u00f3ximos dos mil millones de personas que se agregar\u00e1n a la poblaci\u00f3n mundial vivir\u00e1n en ciudades; en consecuencia, es necesario planificar para ellos desde ahora\u201d advierte el informe \u201cEstado de la Poblaci\u00f3n Mundial 2011\u201d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":34617,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[129,6592,318,5849,3740,8341,516,3867,1062,1241,12468,6605],"class_list":["post-34578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-faro","category-slider-principal","tag-argentina","tag-arquitectura-argentina","tag-ciudad","tag-desarrollo-sustentable","tag-desarrollo-urbano","tag-edward-glaeser","tag-espacio-publico","tag-martin-marcos","tag-planificacion-urbana","tag-sociedad","tag-urbanismo","tag-urbanismo-sostenible"],"yoast_head":"\nHacer ciudad es nuestro desaf\u00edo | Mart\u00edn Marcos<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hacer ciudad es nuestro desaf\u00edo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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