{"id":31669,"date":"2019-01-04T00:01:47","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T23:01:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=31669"},"modified":"2026-07-22T13:01:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T11:01:46","slug":"autoorganizacion-y-cibernetica-miquel-lacasta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/autoorganizacion-y-cibernetica-miquel-lacasta\/","title":{"rendered":"Autoorganizaci\u00f3n y Cibern\u00e9tica | Miquel Lacasta"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Autoorganizaci\u00f3n
Autoorganizaci\u00f3n y Cibern\u00e9tica | Miquel Lacasta | Cybernetic Serendipity,<\/em> inaugurada en el ICA de Londres en 1968 y comisariada por Jasia Reichardt<\/span><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Autoorganizaci\u00f3n (y Cibern\u00e9tica)<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u00daltimamente la noci\u00f3n de autoorganizaci\u00f3n ha tomado un cierto protagonismo en la concepci\u00f3n de la ciudad<\/a> y la arquitectura, quiz\u00e1s a rebufo de la situaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtico\/social actual. En cierto sentido puede sonar a quimera el hecho de que tanto, objetos como personas, tengan una tendencia hacia una organizaci\u00f3n no programada de antemano. Es m\u00e1s, sospecho que es una idea que pone especialmente nerviosos a aquellos que tienen como misi\u00f3n el control y el castigo, uno de los pilares de nuestra sociedad.<\/p>\n

Lejos de banalizar el t\u00e9rmino, y asumiendo que la tecnolog\u00eda nos acerca cada vez m\u00e1s a modelos organizados de forma mucho m\u00e1s compleja, tanto la idea de autoorganizaci\u00f3n como la de cibern\u00e9tica, t\u00e9rmino madre de la idea de interacci\u00f3n,\u00a0 deber\u00edan formar parte de nuestro vocabulario. El papel del arquitecto, tan cuestionado hoy, tendr\u00eda que leerse como un estratega de dispositivos, tanto conceptuales como objetuales, que tuvieran siempre un final abierto, de forma que permitiera a la sociedad dar su \u00faltima palabra en positivo a partir de un modelo interactivo. Algo as\u00ed como dar una oportunidad a que nuestros dise\u00f1os se impliquen de forma plena en el quehacer diario de la gente, y que a su vez, desde ese uso, poder mejorarlos.<\/p>\n

La idea es que si pudi\u00e9ramos incorporar m\u00e1s estrategia y menos sobre dise\u00f1o, quiz\u00e1s conseguir\u00edamos una cierta dosis de interactividad en nuestras ciudades a partir de sistemas abiertos y autoorganizados. Es por eso que me parece importante ir a las\u00a0fuentes<\/i>\u00a0del concepto de autoorganizaci\u00f3n y de cibern\u00e9tica, que como veremos est\u00e1n \u00edntimamente relacionados.<\/p>\n

Mientras la noci\u00f3n de espontaneidad es muy antigua, esta solamente cristaliz\u00f3 en el t\u00e9rmino\u00a0autoorganizaci\u00f3n\u00a0<\/i>en los a\u00f1os posteriores a la segunda guerra mundial en los c\u00edrculos conectados al movimiento cibern\u00e9tico que aglutinaba un variopinto grupo de investigadores como el matem\u00e1tico Norbert Wiener<\/a>, autor del libro\u00a0Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine<\/a>,<\/i>1<\/sup>\u00a0<\/i>el tambi\u00e9n matem\u00e1tico de origen h\u00fangaro John von Neumann<\/a>, que entre otras investigaciones propuso la arquitectura de las computadoras tal y como se conoce ahora, el ingeniero y matem\u00e1tico Claude Shannon<\/a>, que defini\u00f3 los conceptos matem\u00e1ticos de la teor\u00eda de la comunicaci\u00f3n, el autodidacta Stafford Beer,<\/a> creador del\u00a0Viable System Model<\/i>,<\/a> el f\u00edsico Heinz von Foerster<\/a>, autor de la teor\u00eda del constructivismo radical y de la cibern\u00e9tica de segundo orden, el antrop\u00f3logo y ling\u00fcista Gregory Bateson<\/a>, que en 1972 recopil\u00f3 sus estudios en el influyente libro\u00a0Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology<\/i><\/a>2<\/sup>\u00a0<\/i>y el rese\u00f1ado en esta investigaci\u00f3n Gordon Pask<\/a>.<\/p>\n

La primera aparici\u00f3n del t\u00e9rmino\u00a0autoorganizaci\u00f3n\u00a0<\/i>surgi\u00f3 en 1947 en unos papeles del psiquiatra William Ross Ashby<\/a>3<\/sup>\u00a0y r\u00e1pidamente fue adoptado por todos aquellos asociados a la teor\u00eda de sistemas en la d\u00e9cada de 1960, pero no se convirti\u00f3 en un lugar cient\u00edfico com\u00fan hasta su adopci\u00f3n por parte de los f\u00edsicos y, en general, de los investigadores de sistemas complejos en las d\u00e9cadas de los setenta.<\/p>\n

Seg\u00fan la investigadora y doctora en psicolog\u00eda Samantha Diegoli<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\n

El t\u00e9rmino autoorganizaci\u00f3n surgi\u00f3 en los a\u00f1os cincuenta cuando los cibern\u00e9ticos comenzaron a construir modelos matem\u00e1ticos para explicar la din\u00e1mica de las redes neuronales. Un primer modelo trataba de un modelo simplificado en forma de una red binaria de bombillas interconectadas que se encend\u00edan o apagaban de acuerdo con el resultado de una regla de conexi\u00f3n aplicada a la bombilla anterior. El sistema se iniciaba con parpadeos aleatorios, pero siempre llegaba a un punto donde se pod\u00edan identificar patrones ordenados de parpadeos y hasta ciclos repetidos. A esta emergencia espont\u00e1nea de patrones ordenados se le llam\u00f3 autoorganizaci\u00f3n<\/i>.4<\/sup>\u00a0
\n<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

El concepto de autoorganizaci\u00f3n entronca directamente con la Teor\u00eda General de Sistemas desarrollada en 1937 por Ludwig von Bertalanffy<\/a>, donde esboz\u00f3 dicha teor\u00eda en un seminario de Charles Morris<\/a> en la Universidad de Chicago y public\u00f3 m\u00e1s tarde en\u00a0General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications<\/i><\/a>5<\/sup>\u00a0<\/i>en 1969.<\/p>\n

En el libro se estructura un cuerpo te\u00f3rico, en realidad es una teor\u00eda de teor\u00edas, que partiendo del muy abstracto concepto de sistema, busca reglas de valor general aplicables a cualquier sistema y en cualquier nivel de la realidad. Estas teor\u00edas se conciben en t\u00e9rminos de relaciones, contexto y conectividad de un todo, contrastando con el antiguo planteamiento de an\u00e1lisis de un sistema por sus partes.<\/p>\n

Los aspectos m\u00e1s relevantes de la Teor\u00eda General de Sistemas son el cambio de foco que pasa de considerar las partes a considerar el todo, es decir, pasa a considerar los sistemas vivos como totalidades integradas cuyas propiedades no pueden ser reducidas a las de sus partes m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as, de forma que las propiedades sist\u00e9micas surgen de las relaciones entre las partes que son responsables de establecer la organizaci\u00f3n del sistema, con el todo; el desarrollo de un proceso de pensamiento contextual donde existen diferentes niveles sist\u00e9micos, o sea, sistemas dentro de sistemas en los cuales cada nivel corresponde a un grado distinto de complejidad y la observaci\u00f3n de un fen\u00f3meno en cierto nivel, revela propiedades que no existen en el nivel inferior y por consiguiente, no tiene sentido analizar las partes por s\u00ed solas, ya que sus propiedades dependen del contexto dentro del cual est\u00e1 actuando el entorno o el sistema mayor y finalmente, en la configuraci\u00f3n de una estructura de redes se percibe que el cambio de las partes al todo puede tambi\u00e9n ser contemplado como el cambio de objetos a relaciones; la estructura en red representa el pensamiento no-lineal, donde no hay una estructura m\u00e1s b\u00e1sica o fundamental que otra, sino que est\u00e1n interrelacionadas como una red para formar la realidad compleja del todo.6<\/sup>
\n<\/sup><\/p>\n

Cibern\u00e9tica (y autoorganizaci\u00f3n)<\/strong><\/h5>\n

La Cibern\u00e9tica est\u00e1 \u00edntimamente ligada a la Teor\u00eda General de Sistemas hasta el punto que se llega a considerar que su campo de estudio es el mismo. Sin embargo la Cibern\u00e9tica est\u00e1 m\u00e1s orientada al estudio del mando, el control, las regulaciones y el gobierno de los sistemas, mecanismos que permiten a un sistema mantener su equilibrio din\u00e1mico y alcanzar o mantener un estado. La Cibern\u00e9tica en definitiva es el estudio interdisciplinar de la estructura reguladora de los Sistemas, aplicable tanto a sistemas f\u00edsicos como sociales.<\/p>\n

La Cibern\u00e9tica es especialmente relevante cuando el sistema a estudiar est\u00e1 envuelto en un circuito cerrado de se\u00f1ales donde la acci\u00f3n del sistema en un entorno genera alg\u00fan cambio en este \u00faltimo, y este cambio se manifiesta en el sistema v\u00eda informaci\u00f3n, es decir se obtiene un\u00a0feedback<\/i>, que causa alg\u00fan tipo de cambio en el comportamiento del sistema. Por tanto el sistema y el entorno interact\u00faan.<\/p>\n

El grupo de cient\u00edficos ligados a la cibern\u00e9tica antes aludidos, Shannon, Neumann, Bateson, Foerster, Pask, Beer y Wiener, se unieron para investigar la representaci\u00f3n matem\u00e1tica de los mecanismos cerebrales. La atenci\u00f3n central reca\u00eda sobre los patrones de organizaci\u00f3n, concentr\u00e1ndose en la riqueza de los patrones naturales y buscando una teor\u00eda de la vida, centr\u00e1ndose en el control a trav\u00e9s de la programaci\u00f3n o buscando el patr\u00f3n com\u00fan que est\u00e1 por detr\u00e1s de los fen\u00f3menos vivos, describi\u00e9ndolos hol\u00edsticamente.<\/p>\n

Sus descripciones de las semejanzas entre el funcionamiento del cerebro y del ordenador influyeron en el pensamiento cibern\u00e9tico sobre la cognici\u00f3n durante tres d\u00e9cadas.<\/p>\n

La cibern\u00e9tica trat\u00f3 principalmente de crear modelos mecanicistas de sistemas vivos y sus mayores contribuciones vienen del proceso de comparar m\u00e1quinas con seres vivos y sobre todo la cibern\u00e9tica se relaciona con todas las formas de comportamiento, independientemente que \u00e9stas est\u00e9n muy lejos de ser regulares, determinadas o reproducibles.<\/p>\n

En definitiva lo que la cibern\u00e9tica proporciona es algo m\u00e1s que una teor\u00eda o una l\u00ednea de estudio, en palabras de William Ross Ashby<\/p>\n

\n

lo que la cibern\u00e9tica ofrece es un marco donde todas las m\u00e1quinas individualmente pueden ser ordenadas, categorizadas y entendidas<\/i>.7<\/sup>\u00a0
\n<\/sup><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Es especialmente interesante el paralelismo que usa Ashby para poner en contexto la idea de cibern\u00e9tica y que reproduzco literalmente aqu\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\n

La posici\u00f3n de la cibern\u00e9tica en relaci\u00f3n a una m\u00e1quina real, electr\u00f3nica, mec\u00e1nica, neuronal o econ\u00f3mica, es parecida a como la geometr\u00eda se posiciona en relaci\u00f3n a un objeto real en nuestro espacio terrestre. Hubo un tiempo donde geometr\u00eda significaba un tipo de relaciones susceptibles de ser demostrables en un objeto tridimensional o en un diagrama bidimensional. Las formas proporcionadas por la tierra, animal, vegetal y mineral, eran enormes en n\u00famero y ricas en propiedades y a\u00fan as\u00ed pod\u00edan ser proporcionadas por una geometr\u00eda elemental. En esos d\u00edas una forma sugerida por la geometr\u00eda pero que no pudiera ser demostrada en el espacio ordinario era inmediatamente sospechosa o inaceptable. El espacio ordinario dominaba la geometr\u00eda.<\/i><\/p>\n

Hoy, ese posicionamiento es claramente diferente. La geometr\u00eda existe por derecho propio y por su propia fuerza. Actualmente puede procesar precisa y coherentemente un cat\u00e1logo de formas y espacios que excede largamente de aquello que el espacio terrestre puede proveer. Hoy es la geometr\u00eda la que contiene las formas terrestres, y no viceversa, en tanto que estas formas terrestres son meramente casos especiales del amplio espectro que abarca la geometr\u00eda.<\/i><\/p>\n

La posici\u00f3n ganada por el desarrollo de la geometr\u00eda necesita ser mostrada. La geometr\u00eda act\u00faa hoy como un marco donde todas las formas terrestres pueden encontrar su lugar natural, y donde las relaciones entre diferentes formas se pueden apreciar r\u00e1pidamente. A este crecimiento del entendimiento de la geometr\u00eda le ha correspondido un aumento del poder de control.<\/i><\/p>\n

La cibern\u00e9tica es similar en la relaci\u00f3n con la m\u00e1quina actual. Toma como sujeto de su propia esencia el dominio de \u201ctodas las posibles m\u00e1quinas\u201d y solamente est\u00e1 secundariamente interesada en saber si algunas de estas m\u00e1quinas todav\u00eda no se han realizado ya sea por la mano del hombre o por la naturaleza<\/i>.8<\/sup>\u00a0
\n<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Autoorganizaci\u00f3n y Cibern\u00e9tica<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Este punto de vista tanto para la cibern\u00e9tica como para la geometr\u00eda es especialmente interesante en tanto que refleja una cierta idea de independencia del objeto de estudio, del hecho de que exista realmente esa realidad, o no, llam\u00e9mosle m\u00e1quina, ciudad u objeto, sin duda un ejemplo de la visi\u00f3n avanzada y vanguardista de esos tiempos.<\/p>\n

Corre el a\u00f1o 1956 cuando Ashby recopila sus textos en este libro y estamos a las puertas de un cambio de mentalidad a todos los niveles que permitir\u00e1 relacionar la geometr\u00eda y por tanto la arquitectura, la cibern\u00e9tica y por tanto la ciencia, con lo desconocido, lo indeterminado y lo difuso por intuido.<\/p>\n

Es m\u00e1s, tanto en el campo de la ciencia como en el de la arquitectura, el hecho de que no exista, permite la osad\u00eda de poder ser imaginado, proyectado y por tanto estudiado y enunciado, tal y como la generaci\u00f3n de arquitectos ut\u00f3picos y un numeroso grupo de cient\u00edficos especialmente atrevidos, har\u00e1n en los a\u00f1os 60, inaugurando as\u00ed la era de la complejidad hasta nuestros d\u00edas. Autoorganizaci\u00f3n y Cibern\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n

Miquel Lacasta. Doctor arquitecto
\nBarcelona, mayo 2013<\/p>\n

Notas<\/strong><\/h6>\n
\n

1<\/sup> WIENER, Norbert,\u00a0Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1948.<\/p>\n

\n

2<\/sup>\u00a0BATESON, Gregory,\u00a0Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>Chandler Publications and Co., San Francisco, 1972.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3<\/sup>\u00a0Es especialmente interesante el archivo de William Ross Ashby cuyos originales manuscritos pueden ser consultados en\u00a0rossashby.info<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

4<\/sup>\u00a0DIEGOLI, Samantha,\u00a0El comportamiento de los grupos peque\u00f1os de trabajo bajo la perspectiva de la complejidad: Modelos descriptivos y estudio de casos<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>tesis doctoral de la Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda del Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda Social de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2003, p. 45.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

5<\/sup>\u00a0VON BERTALANFFY, Ludwig,\u00a0General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>George Braziller, Nueva York, 1969<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

6<\/sup>\u00a0Para profundizar en esta teor\u00eda ver CAPRA, Fritjof,\u00a0La trama de la vida<\/i><\/a>, Anagrama, Barcelona, 1998, especialmente el cap\u00edtulo 3: Teor\u00eda General de Sistemas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

7<\/sup>\u00a0ASHBY, William R.,\u00a0An Introduction to Cybernetics<\/i><\/a>, Chapman & Hall, Londres, 1956, p. 2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

8<\/sup>\u00a0Op. Cit.,\u00a0<\/i>ASHBY, p. 2.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Lately the notion of self-organization has taken a certain protagonism in the conception of the city and the architecture, probably to political \/ social current recomic singer of the situation. In a sense it can sound to chimera the fact that so much, objects as persons, have a trend towards an organization not programmed in advance. It is more, I suspect that it is an idea that makes specially nervous those that take the control and the punishment as a mission, one of the props of our company.<\/p>\n

Far from trivializing the term, and assuming that the technology us there brings term over increasingly to models organized of much more complex form, so much the idea of self-organization as that of cybernetics, mother of the idea of interaction, they should form a part of our vocabulary. The paper of the architect, so questioned today, would have to read as a strategist of devices, so much conceptual as objetuales, that had always an opened end, so that it was allowing to the company to give his last word in positive from an interactive model. Something like to give an opportunity to which our designs are involved of full form in the daily occupation of the people, and that in turn, from this use, to be able to improve them.<\/p>\n

The idea is that if we could incorporate more strategy and fewer sobredise\u00f1o, probably we would obtain a certain dose of interactivity in our cities from opened and autoorganized systems. It is because of it that seems to me to be important to go to the sources<\/em> of the concept of self-organization and of cybernetics, which since we will see they are intimately related.<\/p>\n

While the notion of spontaneity is very ancient, this one only crystallized in the term self-organization<\/em> in the years later to the second world war in the circles connected to the cybernetic movement that was agglutinating a many-colored group of investigators as the mathematician Norbert Wiener<\/a>, author of the book Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine<\/a>,<\/i>1<\/sup>\u00a0<\/i>also mathematician of Hungarian origin John von Neumann<\/a>, who between other investigations proposed the architecture of the computers as knows himself now, the engineer and mathematician Claude Shannon<\/a>, who defined the mathematical concepts of the theory of the communication, self-taught Stafford Beer<\/a>,\u00a0creator of the Viable System Model<\/i>, the physicist Heinz von Foerster<\/a>, author of the theory of the radical constructivism and of the cybernetics of the second order, the anthropologist and linguist Gregory Bateson<\/a>, who in 1972 compiled his studies in the influential book Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology<\/i><\/a>2<\/sup> <\/i>and the outlined one in this investigation Gordon Pask<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The first appearance of the term self-organization<\/em> arose in 1947 in a few papers of the psychiatrist William Ross Ashby<\/a>3<\/sup>\u00a0and rapidly it was adopted by all those partners to the system theory in the decade of 1960, but it did not turn into a scientific common place up to his adoption on the part of the physicists and, in general, of the investigators of complex systems into the decades of the seventies.<\/p>\n

According to the investigator and Samantha Diegoli confers a doctor’s degree in psychology:<\/p>\n

\n

The term self-organization arose in the fifties when mathematical models began to construct the cybernetic ones to explain the dynamics of the networks neuronales. The first model was treating of a model simplified in the shape of a binary network of interconnected bulbs that they were igniting or extinguishing in agreement with the result of a rule of connection applied to the previous bulb. The system was beginning with random winkings, but always it was coming to a point where bosses been ordained as winkings could identify and up to repeated cycles. To this spontaneous emergency of tidy bosses there was called he a self-organization<\/em>.4<\/sup>\u00a0
\n<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The concept of self-organization is connected directly with the General Theory of Systems developed in 1937 by Ludwig von Bertalanffy<\/a>, where it outlined the above mentioned theory in Charles Morris<\/a>‘s seminar in the University of Chicago and System Theory published later in General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications<\/i><\/a>5<\/sup> in 1969.<\/p>\n

In the book a theoretical body is structured, actually it is a theory of theories, which departing from the very abstract concept of system, search you rule of general value applicable to any system and in any level of the reality. These theories conceive in terms of relations, context and connectivity of everything, contrasting with the former exposition of analysis of a system on his parts.<\/p>\n

The most relevant aspects of the General Theory of Systems are the change of area that happens of considering the parts to considering quite, that is to say, it happens to consider the alive systems to be integrated totalities which properties cannot be reduced to those of his smaller parts, so that the systemic properties arise from the relations between the parts that are persons in charge of establishing the organization of the system, with everything;\u00a0the development of a process of contextual thought where different systemic levels exist, or, systems inside systems in which every level corresponds to a degree different from complexity and the observation of a phenomenon in certain level, reveals properties that do not exist in the low level and consequently, does not have felt to analyze the parts for yes alone, since his properties depend on the context inside which it is operating the environment or the major system and finally, in the configuration of a structure of networks there is perceived that the change of the parts to everything can be contemplated also as the change of objects to relations; the structure in network represents the non-linear thought, where there is no a structure more basic or fundamental that different, but they are interrelated as a network to form the complex reality completely.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

The Cybernetics are intimately tied to the General Theory of Systems up to the point that manages to think that his field of study is the same. Nevertheless the Cybernetics are more orientated to the study of the control, the control, the regulations and the government of the systems, mechanisms that allow a system to support his dynamic balance and to manage or to support a condition. The Cybernetics definitively are the study to interdiscipline of the regulatory structure of the Systems, applicable so much to physical as social systems.
\n<\/sup><\/p>\n

he Cybernetics are specially relevant when the system to studying is wrapped in a closed circuit of signs where the action of the system in an environment generates some change in the latter, and this change demonstrates in the system route information, that is to say obtains a feedback<\/em>, which causes some type of change in the behavior of the system. Therefore the system and the environment interact.<\/p>\n

The group of scientists tied to the cybernetics before alluded, Shannon, Neumann, Bateson, Foerster, Pask, Beer and Wiener, joined to investigate the mathematical representation of the cerebral mechanisms. The central attention was relapsing on the bosses of organization, centering in the wealth of the natural bosses and looking for a theory of the life, centring on the control across the programming or searching the common boss who is behind the alive phenomena, describing them holistic.<\/p>\n

His descriptions of the similarities between the functioning of the brain and of the computer influenced the cybernetic thought the cognition during three decades.<\/p>\n

The cybernetics tried to create principally models mecanicistas of alive systems and his major contributions come from the process of comparing machines with alive beings and especially the cybernetics relate to all the forms of behavior, independently that these are very far from being regular, certain or reproducible.<\/p>\n

Definitively what the cybernetics provide is something more than a theory or a line of study, in William Ross Ashby’s words<\/p>\n

\n

what the cybernetics offer is a frame where all the machines individually can be arranged, categorized and understood<\/em>.7<\/sup>\u00a0
\n<\/sup><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

There is specially interesting the parallelism that Ashby uses to put in context the idea of cybernetics and that I reproduce literally here:<\/p>\n

\n

The position of the cybernetics in relation to a royal, electronic, mechanical machine, neuronal or economic, is similar to since the geometry is positioned in relation to a royal object in our terrestrial space. It had a time where geometry was meaning a type of relations capable of being demonstrable in a three-dimensional object or in a two-dimensional graph. The forms provided by the land, animal, vegetable and mineral, they were enormous in number and rich in properties and nonetheless they could be provided by an elementary geometry. In these days a form suggested by the geometry but that could not be demonstrated in the ordinary space was immediately suspicious or unacceptable. The ordinary space was dominating the geometry.<\/em><\/p>\n

Today, this positioning is clearly different. The geometry exists for own right and for his own force. Nowadays it can process is necessary and coherent a catalogue of forms and spaces that exceeds for a long time that one that the terrestrial space can provide. Today it is the geometry the one that contains the terrestrial forms, and not vice versa, while these terrestrial forms are merely special cases of the wide spectrum that includes the geometry.<\/em><\/p>\n

The position gained by the development of the geometry needs to be showed. The geometry acts today as a frame where all the terrestrial forms can find his natural place, and where the relations between different forms can be estimated rapidly. To this growth of the understanding of the geometry there has corresponded to him an increase of the power of control.<\/em><\/p>\n

The cybernetics are similar in the relation with the current machine. Capture like subject of his own essence the domain of \u00bb all the possible machines \u00bb and only it is secondarily interested in knowing if some of these machines still have not been realized already be for the hand of the man or for the nature<\/em>.8<\/sup>\u00a0
\n<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This point of view both for the cybernetics and for the geometry is specially interesting while it reflects a certain idea of independence of the object of study, of the fact of which this reality exists really, or not, llam\u00e9mosle machine, city or object, undoubtedly an example of the advanced and ultramodern vision of these times.<\/p>\n

It runs the year 1956 when Ashby compiles his texts in this book and we are on the verge of a change of mentality to all the levels that the geometry will allow to relate and therefore the architecture, the cybernetics and therefore the science, with the unknown thing, the indeterminate thing and the diffuse thing for felt.<\/p>\n

It is more, so much in the field of the science as in that of the architecture, the fact that it does not exist, allows the audacity of being able to be imagined, projecting and therefore studied and terms of reference, as the generation of Utopian architects and a numerous group of specially bold scientists, they will do in the 60s, inaugurating this way the age of the complexity to the present day.<\/p>\n

Miquel Lacasta.\u00a0PhD\u00a0architect
\nBarcelona, may 2013<\/p>\n

Notes:<\/p>\n

\n

1<\/sup> WIENER, Norbert,\u00a0Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1948.<\/p>\n

\n

2<\/sup>\u00a0BATESON, Gregory,\u00a0Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>Chandler Publications and Co., San Francisco, 1972.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3<\/sup>\u00a0There is specially interesting William Ross’s file Ashby whose original manuscripts can be consulted in rossashby.info<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

4<\/sup>\u00a0DIEGOLI, Samantha,\u00a0The behavior of the small groups of work under the perspective of the complexity: descriptive Models and study of cases<\/a>, <\/i>doctoral thesis of the Division of Sciences of the Health, Faculty of Psychology of the Department of Social Psychology of the Universitat of Barcelona, 2003, p. 45.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

5<\/sup>\u00a0VON BERTALANFFY, Ludwig,\u00a0General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications<\/a>,\u00a0<\/i>George Braziller, Nueva York, 1969<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

6<\/sup>\u00a0To penetrate into this theory to see CAPRA, Fritjof,\u00a0The plot of the life<\/i><\/a>, Anagrama, Barcelona, 1998, specially the chapter 3: General Theory of Systems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

7<\/sup>\u00a0ASHBY, William R.,\u00a0An Introduction to Cybernetics<\/i><\/a>, Chapman & Hall, Londres, 1956, p. 2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

8<\/sup>\u00a0Op. Cit.,\u00a0<\/i>ASHBY, p. 2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Autoorganizaci\u00f3n (y Cibern\u00e9tica) \u00daltimamente la noci\u00f3n de autoorganizaci\u00f3n ha tomado un cierto protagonismo en la concepci\u00f3n de la ciudad y la arquitectura, quiz\u00e1s a rebufo de la situaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtico\/social actual. En cierto sentido puede sonar a quimera el hecho de que tanto, objetos como personas, tengan una tendencia hacia una organizaci\u00f3n no programada de antemano. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":67651,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[13450,13449,318,9520,319,356,393,13447,13446,668,13451,13448,1833,4461,7599,4522,13445,2726,965,1152,13197,1241,11477,1271,1278,2048,12468,13444],"class_list":["post-31669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-faro","category-slider-principal","tag-anthony-stafford-beer","tag-charles-william-morris","tag-ciudad","tag-ciudad-alegorica","tag-ciudad-contemporanea","tag-conexion","tag-critica","tag-gregory-bateson","tag-heinz-von-foerster","tag-historia","tag-john-von-neumann","tag-karl-ludwig-von-bertalanffy","tag-maquina","tag-matematicas","tag-matematico","tag-miquel-lacasta","tag-norbert-wiener","tag-nueva-tecnologia","tag-organizacion","tag-red-social","tag-samantha-diegoli","tag-sociedad","tag-sociedad-red","tag-tecnologia","tag-teoria","tag-teoria-e-historia","tag-urbanismo","tag-william-ross-ashby"],"yoast_head":"\nAutoorganizaci\u00f3n y Cibern\u00e9tica | Miquel Lacasta - 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espacio multidisciplinario. Obtuvo un Ph.D. con honores (cum laude) en ESARQ Universitat Internacional de Catalunya UIC y tambi\u00e9n fue galardonado con el premio especial Ph.D (UIC 2012), M.arch en ESARQ Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, y se gradu\u00f3 como arquitecto en ETSAB Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya . Miquel es profesor asociado en ESARQ desde 1996. Anteriormente, fue profesor en Elisava y Escola LAI, y tambi\u00e9n en programas de postgrado en ETSAB y La Salle. Fue arquitecto en la oficina de Manuel Brullet desde 1989 desde 1995. Ha sido galardonado en \\\"Taller Barcelona'96. El TGV, una oportunidad por estructurar la periferia \\\". Fue codirector del taller \\\"Territorio Virtual, L\u00edmite Urbano\\\" en ITSEM Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico en 2000 y tambi\u00e9n codirector del taller \\\"Ravalizar Barcelona\\\" en ITSEM Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico, y CCNY, Nueva York, EE. UU. En 2002, 2003 y 2004. Gan\u00f3 el premio A + en 2010 por Sunion School en el Best Educational Building, The International Architecture Award 2008 en The Chicago Athenaeum por Colin's House y el primer premio en Corian Prize en 2006. Su obra ha sido expuesta en Barcelona , Madrid, Florencia, Cannes y en Le Pavillon de l'Arsenal en Par\u00eds. Varias publicaciones han sido reconocidas por su trabajo como Quaderns, ON, Arquitectura Plus, Piso, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o, El Pa\u00eds, ABC, La Vanguardia, Clar\u00edn, Sole 24 Ore, y otros. Recientemente realiz\u00f3 conferencias en ITSEM Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico, Facolta di Architettura di l'Alghero, Italia, msa M\u00fcnster School of Architecture, M\u00fcnster Alemania, IBM Think Tank en Par\u00eds, Francia, y varias universidades y organizaciones en Espa\u00f1a. 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espacio multidisciplinario. Obtuvo un Ph.D. con honores (cum laude) en ESARQ Universitat Internacional de Catalunya UIC y tambi\u00e9n fue galardonado con el premio especial Ph.D (UIC 2012), M.arch en ESARQ Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, y se gradu\u00f3 como arquitecto en ETSAB Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya . Miquel es profesor asociado en ESARQ desde 1996. Anteriormente, fue profesor en Elisava y Escola LAI, y tambi\u00e9n en programas de postgrado en ETSAB y La Salle. Fue arquitecto en la oficina de Manuel Brullet desde 1989 desde 1995. Ha sido galardonado en \"Taller Barcelona'96. El TGV, una oportunidad por estructurar la periferia \". Fue codirector del taller \"Territorio Virtual, L\u00edmite Urbano\" en ITSEM Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico en 2000 y tambi\u00e9n codirector del taller \"Ravalizar Barcelona\" en ITSEM Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico, y CCNY, Nueva York, EE. UU. En 2002, 2003 y 2004. Gan\u00f3 el premio A + en 2010 por Sunion School en el Best Educational Building, The International Architecture Award 2008 en The Chicago Athenaeum por Colin's House y el primer premio en Corian Prize en 2006. Su obra ha sido expuesta en Barcelona , Madrid, Florencia, Cannes y en Le Pavillon de l'Arsenal en Par\u00eds. Varias publicaciones han sido reconocidas por su trabajo como Quaderns, ON, Arquitectura Plus, Piso, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o, El Pa\u00eds, ABC, La Vanguardia, Clar\u00edn, Sole 24 Ore, y otros. Recientemente realiz\u00f3 conferencias en ITSEM Guadalajara, M\u00e9xico, Facolta di Architettura di l'Alghero, Italia, msa M\u00fcnster School of Architecture, M\u00fcnster Alemania, IBM Think Tank en Par\u00eds, Francia, y varias universidades y organizaciones en Espa\u00f1a. Recientemente fue galardonado con el ZAC RN5 en el concurso Vitry-sur-Seine, un Eco-distrito de 255 residencias sociales y privadas y una residencia de estudiantes en Ivry, y 32 apartamentos asistidos para personas mayores en Olesa de Montserrat.","sameAs":["https:\/\/axonometrica.wordpress.com\/","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MikelLacastaCodorniu","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/mikel3\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/miquel-lacasta-profile\/","https:\/\/x.com\/https:\/\/twitter.com\/miquelacasta"],"url":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/author\/miquel-lacasta-codorniu\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31669"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31669\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":107164,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31669\/revisions\/107164"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67651"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}