{"id":13893,"date":"2016-12-23T00:29:45","date_gmt":"2016-12-22T23:29:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=13893"},"modified":"2022-02-15T09:27:03","modified_gmt":"2022-02-15T08:27:03","slug":"viviendas-equipadas-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/viviendas-equipadas-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]\u00bfViviendas equipadas? | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:gl]\u00bfVivendas equipadas? | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:en]Equipped housings? | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"

[:es]

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLC\/ADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

A modo de introducci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uno de los obst\u00e1culos m\u00e1s persistentes en sociedades como la nuestra es la sujeci\u00f3n a los puntos de vista de los pa\u00edses centrales respecto a lo que debe hacerse. Es la vieja historia de las periferias que tan bien analiz\u00f3 en su momento, d\u00e1ndole un giro de mucho inter\u00e9s Jos\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset en su Vel\u00e1zquez<\/a>.\u00a0 Porque la tesis de Ortega, que he mencionado muchas veces, es que las periferias pueden tambi\u00e9n relanzar, mejorados,\u00a0 los legados venidos del centro. Pero eso ocurre pocas veces y para ello la sociedad \u201cperif\u00e9rica\u201d debe, para decirlo en t\u00e9rminos coloquiales \u201ctener con qu\u00e9\u201d. El caso com\u00fan es imitar lo que viene de all\u00e1 porque se considera lo correcto, lo ya probado, lo que se\u00f1ala los rumbos. En arquitectura esa actitud es la m\u00e1s com\u00fan, se presenta como una carga a veces imposible de superar. La difusi\u00f3n, el debate, el brillo, el consenso admirativo, rasgos t\u00edpicos de la arquitectura de \u00e9xito, encuentran su casa en el centro y eso es alimento para quienes vivimos fuera de \u00e9l.<\/p>\n

Es un tema de la mayor importancia que en algunos casos resulta del todo evidente como por ejemplo en el caso de la vivienda para las mayor\u00edas. Hace ya casi un siglo se hizo evidente, al calor de las luchas sociales y pol\u00edticas, la gravedad de ese problema, de un modo que marc\u00f3 el debate sobre la arquitectura y la ciudad. Para la arquitectura nueva era un tema esencial y no era posible zafarse de \u00e9l. Aqu\u00ed en los bordes perif\u00e9ricos se recibi\u00f3 esa ola ansiosa y din\u00e1mica y a mediados del siglo veinte produjo aportes de inter\u00e9s en varios de nuestros pa\u00edses. Hab\u00eda un camino a recorrer que se abr\u00eda con toda claridad aqu\u00ed, tal como ya se recorr\u00eda en toda Europa. Pero si en esos pa\u00edses se lleg\u00f3 a resultados, en pocas d\u00e9cadas, aqu\u00ed las cosas se enredaron en nuestras contradicciones pol\u00edticas. All\u00e1 se quem\u00f3 una etapa, aqu\u00ed apenas se comenz\u00f3. Y como all\u00e1 la vida fluye y plantea nuevas opciones y lo m\u00e1s importante se produjo m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s riqueza, las prioridades fueron modific\u00e1ndose. Ya no se habl\u00f3 de vivienda en los mismos t\u00e9rminos. Pero nuestra tendencia imitadora sigui\u00f3 fuerte, como es propio de lo provinciano, de lo inmaduro, de lo que lucha por identificarse. Se adoptaron aqu\u00ed las nuevas prioridades de all\u00e1 y, en consecuencia, por ejemplo la b\u00fasqueda y la exploraci\u00f3n sobre la vivienda dej\u00f3 de tener importancia, teni\u00e9ndola sin embargo en las enormes carencias que nos asedian y sobre todo en las desigualdades y estridencias de nuestro contexto urbano.<\/p>\n

Y se hace necesario entonces retomar ciertas ra\u00edces, ciertas preocupaciones a pesar del tiempo transcurrido. Para, justamente, tratar de relanzarlas a tono con realidades que no hemos ni con mucho superado. Por eso tiene sentido ir hacia ciertos or\u00edgenes, replantear o recordar asuntos de la disciplina que de ninguna manera han sido agotados. Y es a prop\u00f3sito de las torpezas pol\u00edticas, de la manipulaci\u00f3n que por ejemplo en mi pa\u00eds venimos sufriendo por d\u00e9cadas, cuando uno cree necesario recordar que hubo modos \u00fatiles, referencias, que est\u00e1n all\u00ed para ser estudiadas.\u00a0 Y ayuda\u00a0 poner sobre la mesa aportes que si ya no le dicen demasiado a una Europa un tanto ensimismada, a nosotros nos pueden ser de utilidad.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

El gobierno anuncia que entregar\u00e1 equipadas las viviendas que ha ofrecido. Es un asunto que vale la pena analizar con cuidado. Porque la idea tiene aspectos positivos y podr\u00eda convertirse en una modalidad de subsidio social que ser\u00eda a la vez veh\u00edculo de otras cosas interesantes. Porque el principio de ayudar a los que menos tienen a equipar la vivienda es un asunto de mucha importancia. Digamos para empezar algunas cosas: una cocina de las muy elegantes que vienen hechas en Italia puede costar la tercera parte del costo de una \u201cvivienda de inter\u00e9s social\u201d. Hacerles los closets y armarios a una vivienda de unos 300 m2 como las que hay en zonas costosas de Caracas, cuesta a precios actuales la mitad del costo de un apartamento de 60 m2 en Montalb\u00e1n o en Bello Monte. Eso lo sabe cualquiera que est\u00e9 formando un hogar: equipar la vivienda es un asunto muy costoso, de largo plazo. Los que hemos podido tener casa propia tenemos a\u00fan puntos de luz sin l\u00e1mparas, una cama heredada de la familia y alguna mesa y sus sillas recibidas de una t\u00eda. Los costos iniciales eran altos y la casa misma consum\u00eda toda nuestra capacidad de ahorro.<\/p>\n

Ese tema del equipamiento ocup\u00f3 mucho la discusi\u00f3n en los medios de la arquitectura de vanguardia de las primeras d\u00e9cadas del siglo veinte. Las admirables experiencias de vivienda m\u00ednima de la Alemania de la Social-Democracia, estuvieron tambi\u00e9n asociadas a la b\u00fasqueda y la investigaci\u00f3n acerca de un mobiliario concebido seg\u00fan los nuevos est\u00e1ndares dimensionales que ya hac\u00edan absurdo el traslado del armario heredado de los abuelos a una vivienda donde la ret\u00edcula de dise\u00f1o era 80 x 80 cm y en la que pasar muebles voluminosos por los pasillos se tornaba imposible. \u00bfY qu\u00e9 fue la Bauhaus, nacida en 1919 con la social-democracia, sino un esfuerzo paradigm\u00e1tico para crear dise\u00f1os adaptados, no s\u00f3lo a una relaci\u00f3n con la industria m\u00e1s actualizada, sino entre muchas otras cosas un deseo de hacer de un mobiliario m\u00e1s pr\u00e1ctico el objeto de una producci\u00f3n industrial masiva?<\/p>\n

Pensar la Vivienda.<\/strong><\/p>\n

En los a\u00f1os sesenta en nuestra Facultad de Arquitectura la vivienda masiva \u201cm\u00ednima\u201d,\u00a0 ocupaba mucho espacio de reflexi\u00f3n. Tambi\u00e9n era un tema la vivienda de emergencia<\/a>. Y siempre se presentaba como un asunto a discutir la cuesti\u00f3n del mobiliario. Porque reducir las dimensiones del espacio habitable exige un tipo de mueble no voluminoso, liviano. Se planteaba con frecuencia el mobiliario \u201cempotrado\u201d, fijo, pero a la vez se objetaba su falta de flexibilidad. Tambi\u00e9n el transformable, m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil de adaptar a los usos populares. Un ejemplo clave de este enfoque, que suger\u00edamos a los estudiantes, eran las casas \u201cLoucheur<\/a>\u201d de Le Corbusier<\/a>, de 1929, donde un mobiliario fijo transformable permit\u00eda que los espacios sociales se transformaran en dormitorio. Fue el producto de una ley de est\u00edmulo lanzada por el Ministro Louis Loucheur, que impuls\u00f3 a muchos a proponer ideas, entre los cuales el gran Jean Prouv\u00e9<\/a> (1901-1984) cuyo dise\u00f1o se construy\u00f3 en Meudon, no muy lejos de Par\u00eds. Y all\u00ed est\u00e1 todav\u00eda.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lo que interesa destacar es que el tema es importante. A ello se debe en a\u00f1os mucho m\u00e1s recientes el \u00e9xito comercial de una firma sueca como IKEA, que produce mobiliario de consumo masivo, a partir de dise\u00f1os nacidos de las b\u00fasquedas modernas (como las de Alvar Aalto en madera laminada) pero con enfoques propios. Son muebles para armar, livianos y manejables, econ\u00f3micos. Nuestra local Bima (que entiendo es de capital colombiano) es una versi\u00f3n de ese esquema comercial. En Parque Central, en la margen Sur de la Ave. Bol\u00edvar, hace treinta a\u00f1os, los apartamentos se entregaban con closets y muebles de cocina, y la experiencia fue exitosa.<\/p>\n

El tema da para mucho, y puede asumirse con la idea de estimular iniciativas empresariales privadas que promuevan nuestro dise\u00f1o. Algo de eso hay en la iniciativa reciente de la empresa chileno-europea Masisa, que funciona en Monagas, sobre muebles \u201cinnovadores y sustentables\u201d, promoci\u00f3n estimulante y positiva.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ep\u00edlogo Rojo.<\/strong><\/p>\n

El que sea asunto de vieja data sirve para recalcar que nuestras instituciones p\u00fablicas de la democracia anterior al R\u00e9gimen, carecieron de imaginaci\u00f3n y sobre todo de visi\u00f3n de su papel promotor de iniciativas no convencionales. La obsesi\u00f3n por copiar modelos de los pa\u00edses centrales y particularmente los estadounidenses impidi\u00f3 al estamento pol\u00edtico venezolano hacer de lo espec\u00edfico nuestro un punto de partida para experiencias propias. Esa ceguera deber\u00e1 cambiar cuando renovemos al pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Pero ocurre que al calor de la demagogia las ideas buenas siempre se prostituyen. Lo de la vivienda equipada que anunci\u00f3 el Caudillo es simple importaci\u00f3n de artefactos de \u201cl\u00ednea blanca\u201d (neveras, lavadoras, cocinas), hechos en la infaltable China que har\u00e1 negocios amparada en su ropaje socialista. Para compensar, con prisa para causar impacto, se habla de construir una f\u00e1brica yendo de nuevo hacia el capitalismo de Estado\u2026y China, sin importar los fracasos ni las diferencias abismales entre aquel pa\u00eds de Ej\u00e9rcito Rojo y mano f\u00e9rrea y este, de rojo-rojitos de franela y mano dispuesta a recibir. Vaya usted al Tuy y vea cerca de Ocumare las estructuras inconclusas de la f\u00e1brica de autos Iran\u00edes: es una muestra de lo que ocurrir\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Se afirma la virtud esencial de la \u201crevoluci\u00f3n\u201d: comprar y comprar, en d\u00f3lares, dejando suficiente espacio para comisiones y sobreprecios.\u00a0 Y ofrecer lo que no cumplir\u00e1n. A nadie se le ocurre dentro de esa especie de selva de intereses cruzados en los que se ha convertido la \u201cMisi\u00f3n Vivienda\u201d, que el acceso al mobiliario pudiera ser el medio para promover el dise\u00f1o y consolidar una industria del mueble que no se limite a copiar lo que viene de fuera. Eso es demasiado revolucionario.<\/p>\n

\u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz, Arquitecto.
\nVenezuela, mayo 2011,
\nEntre lo Cierto y lo Verdadero<\/em><\/span>[:gl]

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLC\/ADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

A modo de introduci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un dos obst\u00e1culos m\u00e1is persistentes en sociedades como a nosa \u00e9 a sujeci\u00f3n aos puntos de vista dos pa\u00edses centrais respecto do que debe facerse. \u00c9 a vella historia das periferias que tan ben analizou no seu momento, d\u00e1ndolle un xiro de moito interese Jos\u00e9 Ortega e Gasset no seu Vel\u00e1zquez<\/a>. Porque a tese de Ortega, que mencionei moitas veces, \u00e9 que as periferias poden tam\u00e9n relanzar, mellorados, os legados vindos do centro. Pero iso ocorre poucas veces e para iso a sociedade \u201cperif\u00e9rica\u201d debe, para dicilo en termos coloquiais \u201cter con que\u201d. O caso com\u00fan \u00e9 imitar o que v\u00e9n de al\u00e1 porque se considera o correcto, o xa probado, o que sinala os rumbos. En arquitectura esa actitude \u00e9 a m\u00e1is com\u00fan, pres\u00e9ntase como unha carga \u00e1s veces imposible de superar. A difusi\u00f3n, o debate, o brillo, o consenso admirativo, trazos t\u00edpicos da arquitectura de \u00e9xito, atopan a s\u00faa casa no centro e iso \u00e9 alimento para quen vivimos f\u00f3ra del.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 un tema da maior importancia que nalg\u00fans casos resulta do todo evidente por exemplo no caso da vivenda para as maior\u00edas. Fai xa case un s\u00e9culo f\u00edxose evidente, \u00e1 calor das loitas sociais e pol\u00edticas, a gravidade dese problema, dun modo que marcou o debate sobre a arquitectura e a cidade. Para a arquitectura nova era un tema esencial e non era posible zafarse del. Aqu\u00ed nos bordos perif\u00e9ricos recibiuse esa onda ansiosa e din\u00e1mica e a mediados do s\u00e9culo vinte produciu achegas de interese en varios dos nosos pa\u00edses. Hab\u00eda un cami\u00f1o para percorrer que se abr\u00eda con toda claridade aqu\u00ed, tal como xa se percorr\u00eda en toda Europa. Pero se neses pa\u00edses chegouse a resultados, en poucas d\u00e9cadas, aqu\u00ed as cousas enred\u00e1ronse nas nosas contradici\u00f3ns pol\u00edticas. Al\u00e1 queimouse unha etapa, aqu\u00ed apenas se comezou. E como al\u00e1 a vida fl\u00fae e exp\u00f3n novas opci\u00f3ns e o m\u00e1is importante produciuse m\u00e1is e m\u00e1is riqueza, as prioridades foron modific\u00e1ndose. Xa non se falou de vivenda nos mesmos termos. Pero a nosa tendencia imitadora seguiu forte, como \u00e9 propio do provinciano, do inmaturo, do que loita por identificarse. Adopt\u00e1ronse aqu\u00ed as novas prioridades de al\u00e1 e, en consecuencia, por exemplo a procura e a exploraci\u00f3n sobre a vivenda deixou de ter importancia, t\u00e9ndoa con todo nas enormes carencias que nos asedian e sobre todo nas desigualdades e estridencias do noso contexto urbano.<\/p>\n

E faise necesario ent\u00f3n retomar certas ra\u00edces, certas preocupaci\u00f3ns para pesar do tempo transcorrido. Para, xustamente, tratar de relanzalas a ton con realidades que non habemos nin con moito superado. Por iso ten sentido ir cara a certas orixes, reformular ou lembrar asuntos da disciplina que de ningunha maneira foron esgotados. E \u00e9 \u00e1 mantenta das torpezas pol\u00edticas, da manipulaci\u00f3n que por exemplo no meu pa\u00eds vimos sufrindo por d\u00e9cadas, cando un cre necesario lembrar que houbo modos \u00fatiles, referencias, que est\u00e1n al\u00ed para ser estudadas. E axuda po\u00f1er sobre a mesa achegues que se xa non lle din demasiado a unha Europa un tanto ensimesmada, a n\u00f3s p\u00f3dennos ser de utilidade.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

O goberno anuncia que entregar\u00e1 equipadas as vivendas que ofreceu. \u00c9 un asunto que vale a pena analizar con coidado. Porque a idea ten aspectos positivos e poder\u00eda converterse nunha modalidade de subsidio social que ser\u00eda \u00e1 vez veh\u00edculo doutras cousas interesantes. Porque o principio de axudar aos que menos te\u00f1en a equipar a vivenda \u00e9 un asunto de moita importancia. Digamos para empezar algunhas cousas: unha coci\u00f1a das moi elegantes que ve\u00f1en feitas en Italia pode custar a terceira parte do custo dunha \u201cvivenda de interese social\u201d. Facerlles os closets e armarios a unha vivenda duns 300 m2 como as que hai en zonas custosas de Caracas, costa a prezos actuais a metade do custo dun apartamento de 60 m2 en Montalb\u00e1n ou en Belo Monte. Iso s\u00e1beo calquera que estea a formar un fogar: equipar a vivenda \u00e9 un asunto moi custoso, de longo prazo. Os que puidemos ter casa propia temos a\u00ednda puntos de luz sen l\u00e1mpadas, unha cama herdada da familia e algunha mesa e as s\u00faas cadeiras recibidas dunha t\u00eda. Os custos iniciais eran altos e a casa mesma consum\u00eda toda a nosa capacidade de aforro.<\/p>\n

Ese tema do equipamento ocupou moito a discusi\u00f3n nos medios da arquitectura de vangarda das primeiras d\u00e9cadas do s\u00e9culo vinte. As admirables experiencias de vivenda m\u00ednima da Alema\u00f1a da Social-Democracia, estiveron tam\u00e9n asociadas \u00e1 procura e a investigaci\u00f3n acerca dun mobiliario concibido segundo os novos est\u00e1ndares dimensionales que xa fac\u00edan absurdo o traslado do armario herdado dos av\u00f3s a unha vivenda onde a ret\u00edcula de dese\u00f1o era 80 x 80 cm e na que pasar mobles voluminosos polos corredores torn\u00e1base imposible. E que foi a Bauhaus, nacida en 1919 coa social-democracia, sen\u00f3n un esforzo paradigm\u00e1tico para crear dese\u00f1os adaptados, non s\u00f3 a unha relaci\u00f3n coa industria m\u00e1is actualizada, sen\u00f3n entre moitas outras cousas un desexo de facer dun mobiliario m\u00e1is pr\u00e1ctico o obxecto dunha produci\u00f3n industrial masiva?<\/p>\n

Pensar a Vivenda.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nos anos sesenta na nosa Facultade de Arquitectura a vivenda masiva \u201cm\u00ednima\u201d, ocupaba moito espazo de reflexi\u00f3n. Tam\u00e9n era un tema a vivenda de emerxencia<\/a>. E sempre se presentaba como un asunto para discutir a cuesti\u00f3n do mobiliario. Porque reducir as dimensi\u00f3ns do espazo habitable esixe un tipo de moble non voluminoso, livi\u00e1n. Exp\u00fa\u00f1ase con frecuencia o mobiliario \u201cencaixado\u201d, fixo, pero \u00e1 vez obxect\u00e1base a s\u00faa falta de flexibilidade. Tam\u00e9n o transformable, m\u00e1is dif\u00edcil de adaptar aos usos populares. Un exemplo crave deste enfoque, que suxeriamos aos estudantes, eran as casas\u00a0\u201cLoucheur<\/a>\u201d de Le Corbusier<\/a>, de 1929, onde un mobiliario fixo transformable permit\u00eda que os espazos sociais transform\u00e1sense en dormitorio. Foi o produto dunha lei de est\u00edmulo lanzada polo Ministro Louis Loucheur, que impulsou a moitos a propo\u00f1er ideas, entre os cales o gran Jean Prouv\u00e9<\/a> (1901-1984) cuxo dese\u00f1o se constru\u00edu en Meudon, non moi lonxe de Par\u00eds. E al\u00ed est\u00e1 a\u00ednda.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

O que interesa destacar \u00e9 que o tema \u00e9 importante. A iso d\u00e9bese en anos moito m\u00e1is recentes o \u00e9xito comercial dunha firma sueca como IKEA, que produce mobiliario de consumo masivo, a partir de dese\u00f1os nados das procuras modernas (como as de Alvar Aalto en madeira laminada) pero con enfoques propios. Son mobles para armar, livi\u00e1ns e manexables, econ\u00f3micos. A nosa local Bima (que entendo \u00e9 de capital colombiano) \u00e9 unha versi\u00f3n dese esquema comercial. En Parque Central, na marxe Sur da Ave. Bol\u00edvar, fai trinta anos, os apartamentos entreg\u00e1banse con closets e mobles de coci\u00f1a, e a experiencia foi exitosa.<\/p>\n

O tema d\u00e1 para moito, e pode asumirse coa idea de estimular iniciativas empresariais privadas que promovan o noso dese\u00f1o. Algo diso hai na iniciativa recente da empresa chileno-europea Masisa, que funciona en Monagas, sobre mobles \u201cinnovadores e sustentables\u201d, promoci\u00f3n estimulante e positiva.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ep\u00edlogo Vermello.<\/strong><\/p>\n

O que sexa asunto de vella data serve para recalcar que as nosas instituci\u00f3ns p\u00fablicas da democracia anterior ao R\u00e9xime, careceron de imaxinaci\u00f3n e sobre todo de visi\u00f3n do seu papel promotor de iniciativas non convencionais. A obsesi\u00f3n por copiar modelos dos pa\u00edses centrais e particularmente os estadounidenses impediu ao estamento pol\u00edtico venezolano facer do espec\u00edfico noso un punto de partida para experiencias propias. Esa cegueira deber\u00e1 cambiar cando renovemos ao pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Pero ocorre que \u00e1 calor da demagoxia as ideas boas sempre se prostit\u00faen. O da vivenda equipada que anunciou o Caudillo \u00e9 simple importaci\u00f3n de artefactos de \u201cli\u00f1a branca\u201d (neveiras, lavadoras, coci\u00f1as), feitos na infaltable Chinesa que far\u00e1 negocios amparada na s\u00faa roupaxe socialista. Para compensar, con pr\u00e9sa para causar impacto, f\u00e1lase de constru\u00edr unha f\u00e1brica indo de novo cara ao capitalismo de Estado?e China, sen importar os fracasos nin as diferenzas abismais entre aquel pa\u00eds de Ex\u00e9rcito Vermello e man f\u00e9rrea e leste, de vermello-roxitos de franela e man disposta a recibir. Vaia vostede ao Tuy e vexa preto de Ocumare as estruturas inconclusas da f\u00e1brica de autos Iranianos: \u00e9 unha mostra do que ocorrer\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Af\u00edrmase a virtude esencial da \u201crevoluci\u00f3n\u201d: comprar e comprar, en d\u00f3lares, deixando suficiente espazo para comisi\u00f3ns e sobreprezos. E ofrecer o que non cumprir\u00e1n. A ningu\u00e9n se lle ocorre dentro desa especie de selva de intereses cruzados nos que se converteu a \u201cMisi\u00f3n Vivenda\u201d, que o acceso ao mobiliario puidese ser o medio para promover o dese\u00f1o e consolidar unha industria do moble que non se limite a copiar o que v\u00e9n de f\u00f3ra. Iso \u00e9 demasiado revolucionario.<\/p>\n

\u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz, Arquitecto.
\nVenezuela, maio 2011,
\nEntre o Certo e o Verdadeiro<\/em><\/span>[:en]

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLC\/ADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n

Introduction.<\/strong><\/p>\n

One of the most persistent obstacles in companies like ours is the subordination to the points of view of the central countries with regard to what it must be done. It is the old history of the peripheries that so well he analyzed in his moment, giving him a draft of a lot of interest Jose Ortega y Gasset in his Vel\u00e1zquez<\/a>. Because the thesis of Imperial sand grouse, which I have mentioned often, is that the peripheries can re-throw also, improved, the legacies come from the center. But it happens rarely and for it the \u201cperipheral\u201d company has to, to say it in colloquial terms \u201cto have with what\u201d. The common case is to imitate what comes of there because it are considered to be the correct thing, the already proven thing, which indicates the courses. In architecture this attitude is the most common, appears as a load sometimes impossible to overcome. The diffusion, the debate, the sheen, the admiring consensus, typical features of the architecture of success, find his house in the center and it is a food for whom we live out of him.<\/p>\n

It is a topic of the major importance that in some cases turns out to be completely evident as for example in case of the housing for the majorities. It does already almost one century there became evident, to the heat of the social and political fights, the gravity of this problem, of a way that marked the debate on the architecture and the city. For the new architecture it was an essential topic and it was not possible to get away from him. Here in the peripheral edges there was received this anxious and dynamic wave and in the middle of the century twenty it produced contributions of interest in several of our countries. There was a way to crossing that it was opened by all clarity here, as already it was crossed in the whole Europe. But if in these countries it came near to results, in a few decades, here the things got entangled in our political contradictions. There a stage was burned, here scarcely it was begun. And as there the life it flows and raises new options and the most important thing produced to itself more and more wealth, the priorities were modified. Already one did not speak about housing in the same terms. But our imitative trend was still strong, since it is own of the provincial thing, of the immature thing, of what it fights to be identified.\u00a0The new priorities were adopted here of there and, in consequence, for example the search and the exploration on the housing stopped having importance, having it nevertheless in the enormous lacks that besiege us and especially in the desigualdades and stridencies of our urban context.<\/p>\n

And it becomes necessary at the time to take again certain roots, certain worries in spite of the passed time., exactly, to treat of relanzarlas to tone with realities that we are not not with much overcome. Because of it it has felt to go towards certain origins, to restate or to remember matters of the discipline that by no means have been exhausted. And it is about the political infamies, the manipulation that for example in my country we come suffering per decades, when one believes necessarily to remember that there were useful manners, you index, that they are there to be studied. And it helps to put on the table contributions that if already they do not say to him too much to an Europe rather ensimismada, to us us can be of usefulness.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The government announces that it will deliver equipped the housings that it has offered. It is a matter that is worth a sorrow analyzing carefully. Because the idea has positive aspects and it might turn into a modality of social subsidy that would be simultaneously a vehicle of other interesting things. Because the beginning of helping which less have to equip the housing is a matter of a lot of importance. Let’s say to begin some things: a kitchen of the very elegant ones that come done in Italy can cost the third part of the cost of a \u201chousing of social interest\u201d. To do the closets and cupboards to them to a housing of approximately 300 m2 as those who exist in costly zones of Caracas, it costs to current prices the half of the cost of an apartment of 60 m2 in Montalb\u00e1n or in Bello Monte. It it knows anyone that is forming a home: to equip the housing is a very costly matter, of long term. That we could have had own house we have still points of light without lamps, a bed inherited from the family and any table and his chairs received of an aunt. The initial costs were high and the house itself was consuming all our capacity of saving.<\/p>\n

This topic of the equipment occupied very much the discussion in the means of the architecture of forefront of the first decades of the century twenty. The admirable experiences of minimal housing of the Germany of the Social democracy, they were associated also with the search and the investigation brings over of a furniture conceived according to the new dimensional standards that already were making absurd the movement of the cupboard inherited from the grandparents to a housing where the reticle of design was 80 x 80 cm and in which to spend voluminous furniture for the corridors was becoming impossible. And what was the Bauhaus, born in 1919 with the social democracy, but a paradigmatic effort to create adapted designs, not only to a relation with the most updated industry, but between many other things a desire to do of a more practical furniture the object of an industrial massive production?<\/p>\n

Thinking about the Housing.<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the sixties in our Faculty of Architecture the massive \u201cminimal\u201d housing, it was occupying very much space of reflection. Also it was a topic the emergency housing<\/a>. And always he was appearing as a matter to discussing the question of the furniture. Because to reduce the dimensions of the inhabitable space demands a type of not voluminous, frivolous furniture. There was appearing often the \u201cfixed\u201d, fixed furniture, but simultaneously his lack of flexibility was objected. Also the transformable one, more difficult to adapt to the popular uses. A key example of this approach, which we were suggesting to the students, they were the houses \u201cLoucheur<\/a>\u201d by Le Corbusier<\/a>, of 1929, where a fixed transformable furniture was allowing that the social spaces should transform in bedroom. It was the product of a law of stimulus thrown by the Secretary Louis Loucheur, who stimulated many people to propose ideas, between which the great Jean Prouv\u00e9<\/a> (1901-1984) whose design was constructed in Meudon, not very far from Paris. And there it is still.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

What is interested in standing out is that the topic is important. To it there owes in the much more recent years the commercial success of a Swedish signature as IKEA, which produces furniture of massive consumption, from born designs of the modern searches (as those of Alvar Aalto in laminated wood) but with own approaches. They are furniture to arm, frivolous and manageable, economic. Our local Bima (that I understand is of the Colombian capital) it is a version of this commercial scheme. In Central Park, in the margen Sur de la Ave. Bolivar, thirty years ago, the apartments were submitting with closets and furniture of kitchen, and the experience was successful.<\/p>\n

The topic gives for much, and can be assumed by the idea of stimulating managerial private initiatives that promote our design. Something of it there is in the recent initiative of the company Chilean – European Masisa, that there works in Monagas, on \u201cinnovative and sustainable\u201d furniture, stimulant and positive promotion.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Red epilogue.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The one that is an old woman’s matter dates back serves to stress that our public institutions of the democracy previous to the Regime, they lacked imagination and especially vision of his paper promoter of not conventional initiatives. The obsession to copy models of the central countries and particularly the Americans it prevented to the political Venezuelan estate from doing of specific our point of item for own experiences. This blindness will have to change when we renew to the country.<\/p>\n

But it happens that to the heat of the demagoguery the good ideas always are prostituted. It of the equipped housing that it announced the Commander is a simple import of appliances of \u201cwhite line\u201d (iceboxes, washers, kitchens), done in the inevitable China that will do business protected in his socialist apparel. To compensate, hurriedly to cause impact, one speaks of constructing a factory going again towards the capitalism of State \u2026 and China, without importing either the failures or the abysmal differences between that country of Red Army and ferreous hand and this one, of red – small red of flannel and hand ready to receive. You go to the Tuy and see near Ocumare the incomplete structures of the factory of Iranian cars: it is a sample of what will happen.<\/p>\n

\"Maisons
Maisons Loucheur, Le Corbusier, 1929 \u00a9 FLCADAGP<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The essential virtue of the \u201crevolution\u201d steadies itself: to buy and to buy, in dollars, leaving sufficient space for commissions and surcharges. And to offer what they will not fulfill. It happens to nobody inside this species of jungle of crossed interests into which the \u201cMission has turned Housing\u201d, that the access to the furniture could be the way to promote the design and to consolidate an industry of the furniture that does not limit itself to copying what comes of out. It is too revolutionary.<\/p>\n

\u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz, Architect.
\nVenezuela, may 2011,
\nEntre lo Cierto y lo Verdadero<\/em><\/span>[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[:es] A modo de introducci\u00f3n. Uno de los obst\u00e1culos m\u00e1s persistentes en sociedades como la nuestra es la sujeci\u00f3n a los puntos de vista de los pa\u00edses centrales respecto a lo que debe hacerse. Es la vieja historia de las periferias que tan bien analiz\u00f3 en su momento, d\u00e1ndole un giro de mucho inter\u00e9s Jos\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":62630,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[102,9142,199,318,12470,4503,9130,431,1787,708,2380,785,11762,2001,1531,12454,1361,1363],"class_list":["post-13893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-faro","category-slider-principal","tag-alvar-aalto","tag-arquitectura-venezolana","tag-bauhaus","tag-ciudad","tag-diseno","tag-diseno-de-mobiliario","tag-diseno-domestico","tag-diseno-industrial","tag-europa","tag-industrializacion","tag-jean-prouve","tag-le-corbusier","tag-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz","tag-sudamerica","tag-venezuela","tag-vivienda-colectiva","tag-vivienda-protegida","tag-vivienda-social"],"yoast_head":"\n[:es]\u00bfViviendas equipadas? 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