{"id":11859,"date":"2017-03-03T00:04:37","date_gmt":"2017-03-02T23:04:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/?p=11859"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:35:06","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T17:35:06","slug":"pensar-la-arquitectura-ii-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/pensar-la-arquitectura-ii-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/","title":{"rendered":"[:es]Pensar la arquitectura (II) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:gl]Pensar a arquitectura (II) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:en]Thinking the architecture (II) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:]"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/pensar-la-arquitectura-i-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62664\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62664\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62664\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-\u00b7-Neo-clasicismo-aut\u00e9ntico-la-\u201cNeue-Wache\u201d-Palacio-de-la-Guardia-en-Berl\u00edn-1818-de-Karl-Friedrich.jpg\" alt=\"Neo-clasicismo aut\u00e9ntico la \u201cNeue Wache\u201d, Palacio de la Guardia, en Berl\u00edn (1818) de Karl Friedrich\" width=\"750\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-\u00b7-Neo-clasicismo-aut\u00e9ntico-la-\u201cNeue-Wache\u201d-Palacio-de-la-Guardia-en-Berl\u00edn-1818-de-Karl-Friedrich.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-\u00b7-Neo-clasicismo-aut\u00e9ntico-la-\u201cNeue-Wache\u201d-Palacio-de-la-Guardia-en-Berl\u00edn-1818-de-Karl-Friedrich-300x186.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62664\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Neo-clasicismo aut\u00e9ntico la \u201cNeue Wache\u201d, Palacio de la Guardia, en Berl\u00edn (1818) de Karl Friedrich | <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuente: wikipedia.org<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Es necesario aclarar lo que podemos entender por ideolog\u00eda, una palabra que se suele aplicar s\u00f3lo a la pol\u00edtica y produce dudas aplicada a otras actividades humanas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tomo esta definici\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cUna ideolog\u00eda es el conjunto de ideas que inciden en mayor o menor grado en las caracter\u00edsticas de la pr\u00e1ctica de cualquier actividad humana, ya sea en el \u00e1mbito econ\u00f3mico, social, pol\u00edtico, cultural, moral o religioso, o en cualquier otro derivado de \u00e9stos\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">No hay pues en la noci\u00f3n de ideolog\u00eda ning\u00fan contenido peyorativo ni tiene siempre que aludir como se ha hecho a partir de Marx, a superestructuras econ\u00f3micas o sociales. Me remito al \u201cconjunto de ideas que inciden en la pr\u00e1ctica\u201d lo cual deja espacio para que pueda hablarse de una ideolog\u00eda de grupo (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teun_van_Dijk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Dijk)<\/a>,\u00a0 casi-personal, en lugar de, como es habitual, ideolog\u00eda en t\u00e9rminos socio-pol\u00edticos. Lo cual no impide aceptar que aquella sea informada por \u00e9sta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Como se sigue de la definici\u00f3n, toda ideolog\u00eda tiene un origen filos\u00f3fico, surge de un modo de ver el mundo, de pensarlo. Pero no por ello quien act\u00faa seg\u00fan una ideolog\u00eda conoce el pensamiento filos\u00f3fico que la origin\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ese desconocimiento no importa demasiado, porque la ideolog\u00eda inevitablemente orienta un modo de proceder en la realidad. Se establece algo parecido a un c\u00f3digo de conducta, una norma para la actuaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfC\u00f3mo se termina expresando ese \u201cmodo\u201d (moral) en la pr\u00e1ctica de una actividad, si ella pretende convertirse en arte o se define como arte: en lo que hace el pintor, el m\u00fasico, el escritor, el poeta\u2026el arquitecto?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hay muchas respuestas posibles a esta pregunta, todas incompletas. Porque como lo he recordado con insistencia, en toda actividad humana lo que se hace se piensa mientras se hace, es decir, el pensar una actividad se expresa dentro de los l\u00edmites de esa actividad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Se piensa haciendo.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aparte de cualquier argumento acad\u00e9mico, que los hay muy s\u00f3lidos, eso se entiende por sentido com\u00fan: no hay pensamiento previo a la acci\u00f3n que la defina o garantice resultados. Y los mecanismos que hacen que el pensar \u201canterior\u201d lleve a decisiones sobre la acci\u00f3n misma de pintar, escribir con letras o notas, dise\u00f1ar, son siempre imprecisos. Los motiva la intuici\u00f3n, la reflexi\u00f3n, las preferencias e inclinaciones personales, las destrezas \u201ct\u00e9cnicas\u201d\u00a0 de cada quien,\u00a0 las afinidades est\u00e9ticas o \u00e9ticas (\u201cuna y la misma cosa\u201d seg\u00fan Wittgenstein), una constelaci\u00f3n personal de motivos, virtudes y limitaciones, respecto a lo que corresponde hacer en cada caso.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Y en ese punto, en el que decide lo que se va a hacer, desde la ideolog\u00eda se da el \u201csalto\u201d hacia normas que quieren simbolizar los valores ideol\u00f3gicos. Para Le Corbusier fueron los Cinco Puntos (el edificio sobre pilotes, la planta libre, el techo jard\u00edn, la ventana longitudinal y la fachada libre), para Adolf Loos considerar el ornamento arquitect\u00f3nico como delito, en m\u00fasica, para Sch\u00f6nberg, el uso de las doce notas equivalentes, para Mondrian separarse de toda representaci\u00f3n pict\u00f3rica de la naturaleza, para los surrealistas la escritura autom\u00e1tica del poema. Y tantas otras cosas, todas ellas prescripciones \u201ct\u00e9cnicas\u201d que se identifican, que funcionan como figuras, de una ideolog\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Es en estos casos la Ideolog\u00eda Moderna: romper con la tradici\u00f3n inmediata, hacer militancia (tambi\u00e9n pol\u00edtica) desde el arte, incorporar la visi\u00f3n tecnol\u00f3gica al quehacer art\u00edstico,\u00a0 alejarse de una preceptiva moral, escandalizar al estamento social en clave revolucionaria, convertir el tema social (la vivienda de las masas por ejemplo o la investigaci\u00f3n sobre la vivienda m\u00ednima), en objetivo de la arquitectura. Quienes abrazaban la ideolog\u00eda \u201cdel Moderno\u201d aceptaban el c\u00f3digo t\u00e9cnico que la acompa\u00f1aba.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62665\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62665\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62665\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-\u00b7-Neo-clasicismo-\u201cfake\u201d-La-ampliaci\u00f3n-de-la-National-Gallery-de-Londres-1991-de-Robert-Venturi-1925.jpg\" alt=\"Neo-clasicismo \u201cfake\u201d La ampliaci\u00f3n de la National Gallery de Londres (1991) de Robert Venturi (1925\" width=\"750\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-\u00b7-Neo-clasicismo-\u201cfake\u201d-La-ampliaci\u00f3n-de-la-National-Gallery-de-Londres-1991-de-Robert-Venturi-1925.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-\u00b7-Neo-clasicismo-\u201cfake\u201d-La-ampliaci\u00f3n-de-la-National-Gallery-de-Londres-1991-de-Robert-Venturi-1925-300x217.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62665\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Neo-clasicismo \u201cfake\u201d La ampliaci\u00f3n de la National Gallery de Londres (1991) de Robert Venturi (1925) | Fuente: <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikiarquitectura.com\/edificio\/sainsbury-wing-national-gallery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wikiarquitectura.com<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ideolog\u00eda contra ideolog\u00eda.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esa normativa t\u00e9cnica de origen ideol\u00f3gico, r\u00edgida y limitada en su af\u00e1n de oponerse al mundo acad\u00e9mico Beaux-Arts, fue el objeto de los ataques postmodernistas. Es as\u00ed como se plantea un regreso al discurso filos\u00f3fico como posible germen de un modo de aproximarse a la arquitectura menos dogm\u00e1tico. Pero la visi\u00f3n postmoderna, a manos del oportunismo, se contamin\u00f3 de revancha hasta operar como ideolog\u00eda reaccionaria. Se ignor\u00f3 el importante origen filos\u00f3fico de la visi\u00f3n moderna para reconectarse, en t\u00e9rminos ideol\u00f3gicos, con los c\u00f3digos Beaux-Arts. Se revive as\u00ed la noci\u00f3n de estilo. Aparecen (son los setenta del siglo pasado) los ingleses neocl\u00e1sicos \u201cfake\u201d como Quinlan Terry, el pasticho imitativo a lo Robert Venturi en la National Gallery de Londres, los escapismos de Leon Krier, las horripilantes \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/elpais.com\/diario\/1984\/06\/25\/cultura\/456962405_850215.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arenas de Picasso<\/a>\u201d del catal\u00e1n <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Yanowsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manuel Nu\u00f1ez <\/a>en Par\u00eds, el <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/arquiamaestros-04-%C2%B7-05-%C2%B7-06\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bofill<\/a> de aqu\u00ed y all\u00e1 (menos los aeropuertos). Al debilitarse el fundamento \u00e9tico-ideol\u00f3gico se deja paso franco al manierismo del lenguaje \u201cpersonal\u201d, a la visi\u00f3n del arquitecto como recurso instrumental del Poder, a la nostalgia, a la arquitectura espect\u00e1culo, barato o caro. Se comercializa sin mala conciencia la imagen arquitect\u00f3nica. Y se deja a un lado el concepto de responsabilidad social y sus implicaciones democr\u00e1ticas, objetivo central para la modernidad. As\u00ed, dos d\u00e9cadas despu\u00e9s, China bien vale una misa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Es de ese confuso caldo ideol\u00f3gico de donde surgen en los ochenta los di\u00e1logos con el deconstructivismo filos\u00f3fico franc\u00e9s (Jacques Derrida) capitaneados por Peter Eisenman. Pretexto para crear c\u00f3digos t\u00e9cnicos: ruptura con el \u00e1ngulo recto, fragmentaci\u00f3n (una simplista analog\u00eda con la deconstrucci\u00f3n del lenguaje), torceduras, diagonales. Se \u201ctraducen\u201d a la arquitectura m\u00e9todos anal\u00edticos del lenguaje.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00bfHan enloquecido los arquitectos? No, est\u00e1n inventando una moda. Y hacia all\u00e1 van los Museos, el MOMA aloja al \u201cdeconstructivismo\u201d en 1988. \u00c9xito y pronto olvido.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"jQBU3984Kv\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/pensar-la-arquitectura-iii-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/\">[:es]Pensar la arquitectura (III) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:gl]Pensar a arquitectura (III) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:en]Think the architecture (III) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"\u00ab[:es]Pensar la arquitectura (III) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:gl]Pensar a arquitectura (III) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:en]Think the architecture (III) | \u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz[:]\u00bb \u2014 veredes\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/pensar-la-arquitectura-iii-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/embed\/#?secret=IiB9RGhbw0#?secret=jQBU3984Kv\" data-secret=\"jQBU3984Kv\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz, Arquitecto.<br \/>\nVenezuela, marzo 2011,<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>Entre lo Cierto y lo Verdadero<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[:gl]<em><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Artigo continuaci\u00f3n de <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/gl\/pensar-la-arquitectura-i-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00abPensar a arquitectura (I)\u00bb<\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62664\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62664\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62664\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-&middot;-Neo-clasicismo-aut&eacute;ntico-la-&ldquo;Neue-Wache&rdquo;-Palacio-de-la-Guardia-en-Berl&iacute;n-1818-de-Karl-Friedrich.jpg\" alt=\"Neo-clasicismo aut\u00e9ntico la \u201cNeue Wache\u201d, Palacio de la Guardia, en Berl\u00edn (1818) de Karl Friedrich\" width=\"640\" height=\"397\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62664\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Neo-clasicismo aut\u00e9ntico a \u201cNeue Wache\u201d, Palacio da Guardia, en Berl\u00edn (1818) de Karl Friedrich<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c9 necesario aclarar o que podemos entender por ideolox\u00eda, unha palabra que se adoita aplicar s\u00f3 \u00e1 pol\u00edtica e produce d\u00fabidas aplicada a outras actividades humanas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tomo esta definici\u00f3n:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cUnha ideolox\u00eda \u00e9 o conxunto de ideas que inciden en maior ou menor grao nas caracter\u00edsticas da pr\u00e1ctica de calquera actividade humana, xa sexa no \u00e1mbito econ\u00f3mico, social, pol\u00edtico, cultural, moral ou relixioso, ou en calquera outro derivado de estes\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Non hai pois na noci\u00f3n de ideolox\u00eda ning\u00fan contido peyorativo nin ten sempre que aludir como se fixo a partir de Marx, a superestructuras econ\u00f3micas ou sociais. Rem\u00edtome ao \u201cconxunto de ideas que inciden na pr\u00e1ctica\u201d o cal deixa espazo para que poida falarse dunha ideolox\u00eda de grupo (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teun_van_Dijk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Dijk)<\/a>, case-persoal, en lugar de, como \u00e9 habitual, ideolox\u00eda en termos socio-pol\u00edticos. O cal non impide aceptar que aquela sexa informada por esta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Como se segue da definici\u00f3n, toda ideolox\u00eda ten unha orixe filos\u00f3fica, xorde dun modo de ver o mundo, de pensalo. Pero non por iso quen act\u00faa segundo unha ideolox\u00eda co\u00f1ece o pensamento filos\u00f3fico que a orixinou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ese desco\u00f1ecemento non importa demasiado, porque a ideolox\u00eda inevitablemente orienta un modo de proceder na realidade. Establ\u00e9cese algo parecido a un c\u00f3digo de conduta, unha norma para a actuaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Como se termina expresando ese \u201cmodo\u201d (moral) na pr\u00e1ctica dunha actividade, se ela pretende converterse en arte ou se define como arte: no que fai o pintor, o m\u00fasico, o escritor, o poeta&#8230; o arquitecto?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hai moitas respostas posibles a esta pregunta, todas incompletas. Porque como o lembrei con insistencia, en toda actividade humana o que se fai p\u00e9nsase mentres se fai, \u00e9 dicir, o pensar unha actividade expr\u00e9sase dentro dos l\u00edmites desa actividade.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>P\u00e9nsase facendo.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c1 parte de calquera argumento acad\u00e9mico, que os hai moi s\u00f3lidos, iso ent\u00e9ndese por sentido com\u00fan: non hai pensamento previo \u00e1 acci\u00f3n que a defina ou garanta resultados. E os mecanismos que fan que o pensar \u201canterior\u201d leve a decisi\u00f3ns sobre a acci\u00f3n mesma de pintar, escribir con letras ou notas, dese\u00f1ar, son sempre imprecisos. Mot\u00edvaos a intuici\u00f3n, a reflexi\u00f3n, as preferencias e inclinaci\u00f3ns persoais, as destrezas \u201ct\u00e9cnicas\u201d de cada quen, as afinidades est\u00e9ticas ou \u00e9ticas (\u201cunha e a mesma cousa\u201d segundo Wittgenstein), unha constelaci\u00f3n persoal de motivos, virtudes e limitaci\u00f3ns, respecto do que corresponde facer en cada caso.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">E nese punto, no que decide o que se vai a facer, desde a ideolox\u00eda d\u00e1se o \u201csalto\u201d cara a normas que queren simbolizar os valores ideol\u00f3xicos. Para Lle Corbusier foron os Cinco Puntos (o edificio sobre pilotes, a planta libre, o teito xard\u00edn, a xanela lonxitudinal e a fachada libre), para Adolf Loos considerar o ornamento arquitect\u00f3nico como delito, en m\u00fasica, para Sch\u00f6nberg, o uso das doce notas equivalentes, para Mondrian separarse de toda representaci\u00f3n pict\u00f3rica da natureza, para os surrealistas a escritura autom\u00e1tica do poema. E tantas outras cousas, todas elas prescrici\u00f3ns \u201ct\u00e9cnicas\u201d que se identifican, que funcionan como figuras, dunha ideolox\u00eda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c9 nestes casos a Ideolox\u00eda Moderna: romper coa tradici\u00f3n inmediata, facer militancia (tam\u00e9n pol\u00edtica) desde a arte, incorporar a visi\u00f3n tecnol\u00f3xica ao quefacer art\u00edstico, afastarse dunha preceptiva moral, escandalizar ao estamento social en clave revolucionaria, converter o tema social (a vivenda das masas por exemplo ou a investigaci\u00f3n sobre a vivenda m\u00ednima), en obxectivo da arquitectura. Quen abrazaba a ideolox\u00eda \u201cdo Moderno\u201d aceptaban o c\u00f3digo t\u00e9cnico que a acompa\u00f1aba.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62665\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62665\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62665\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-&middot;-Neo-clasicismo-&ldquo;fake&rdquo;-La-ampliaci&oacute;n-de-la-National-Gallery-de-Londres-1991-de-Robert-Venturi-1925.jpg\" alt=\"Neo-clasicismo \u201cfake\u201d La ampliaci\u00f3n de la National Gallery de Londres (1991) de Robert Venturi (1925\" width=\"640\" height=\"463\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62665\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Neo-clasicismo \u201cfake\u201d A ampliaci\u00f3n da National Gallery de Londres (1991) de Robert Venturi (1925)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ideolox\u00eda contra ideolox\u00eda.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Esa normativa t\u00e9cnica de orixe ideol\u00f3xica, r\u00edxida e limitada no seu af\u00e1n de opo\u00f1erse ao mundo acad\u00e9mico Beaux-Arts, foi o obxecto dos ataques postmodernistas. \u00c9 as\u00ed como exponse un regreso ao discurso filos\u00f3fico como posible xerme dun modo de aproximarse \u00e1 arquitectura menos dogm\u00e1tico. Pero a visi\u00f3n postmoderna, a mans do oportunismo, contaminouse de desquite ata operar como ideolox\u00eda reaccionaria. Ignorouse a importante orixe filos\u00f3fica da visi\u00f3n moderna para reconectarse, en termos ideol\u00f3xicos, cos c\u00f3digos Beaux-Arts. Rev\u00edvese as\u00ed a noci\u00f3n de estilo. Aparecen (son os setenta do s\u00e9culo pasado) os ingleses neocl\u00e1sicos \u201cfake\u201d como Quinlan Terry, o pasticho imitativo ao Robert Venturi na National Gallery de Londres, os escapismos de Leon Krier, as horripilantes \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/elpais.com\/diario\/1984\/06\/25\/cultura\/456962405_850215.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Areas de Picasso<\/a>\u201d do catal\u00e1n <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Yanowsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manuel Nu\u00f1ez <\/a> en Par\u00eds, o <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/arquiamaestros-04-%C2%B7-05-%C2%B7-06\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bofill<\/a> de aqu\u00ed e al\u00e1 (menos os aeroportos). Ao debilitarse o fundamento \u00e9tico-ideol\u00f3xico d\u00e9ixase paso franco ao manierismo da linguaxe \u201cpersoal\u201d, \u00e1 visi\u00f3n do arquitecto como recurso instrumental do Poder, \u00e1 nostalxia, \u00e1 arquitectura espect\u00e1culo, barato ou caro. Comercial\u00edzase sen mala conciencia a imaxe arquitect\u00f3nica. E d\u00e9ixase ao car\u00f3n o concepto de responsabilidade social e as s\u00faas implicaci\u00f3ns democr\u00e1ticas, obxectivo central para a modernidade. As\u00ed, d\u00faas d\u00e9cadas despois, China ben vale unha misa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c9 dese confuso caldo ideol\u00f3xico de onde xorden nos oitenta os di\u00e1logos co deconstructivismo filos\u00f3fico franc\u00e9s (Jacques Derrida) capitaneados por Peter Eisenman. Pretexto para crear c\u00f3digos t\u00e9cnicos: ruptura co \u00e1ngulo recto, fragmentaci\u00f3n (unha simplista analog\u00eda coa deconstrucci\u00f3n da linguaxe), torceduras, diagonais. Se \u201ctraducen\u201d \u00e1 arquitectura m\u00e9todos anal\u00edticos da linguaxe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tolearon os arquitectos? Non, est\u00e1n a inventar unha moda. E cara a al\u00e1 van os Museos, o MOMA aloxa ao deconstructivismo\u201d en 1988. \u00c9xito e pronto esquecemento.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #999999;\">O artigo contin\u00faa en <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/gl\/pensar-la-arquitectura-iii-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00abPensar a arquitectura (III)\u00bb.<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz, Arquitecto.<br \/>\nVenezuela, marzo 2011,<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>Entre o Certo e o Verdadeiro<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[:en]<em><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Article continuation of <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/en\/pensar-la-arquitectura-i-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00abThinking the architecture (I)\u00bb<\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62664\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62664\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62664\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-&middot;-Neo-clasicismo-aut&eacute;ntico-la-&ldquo;Neue-Wache&rdquo;-Palacio-de-la-Guardia-en-Berl&iacute;n-1818-de-Karl-Friedrich.jpg\" alt=\"Neo-clasicismo aut\u00e9ntico la \u201cNeue Wache\u201d, Palacio de la Guardia, en Berl\u00edn (1818) de Karl Friedrich\" width=\"640\" height=\"397\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62664\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Authentic Neoclassicism to \u00abNeue Wache\u00bb, Palace of the Guard, in Berlin (1818) by Karl Friedrich<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is necessary to clear what can understand by ideology, a word that is used to\u00a0 apply only to the politics and produces doubts applied to other human activities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I take this definition:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201cAn ideology is the group of ideas that inciden in elder or lower degree in the characteristics of the practice of any human activity, already was in the economic field, social, politician, cultural, morals or religious, or in any another derived of these\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There is not as in the notion of ideology any pejorative content neither has whenever allude as it has done\u00a0 from Marx, to economic or social superstructures. I remit me to the \u201cgroup of ideas that inciden in the practical\u201d which leaves space so that it can speak of an ideology of group (<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teun_van_Dijk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Dijk)<\/a>, almost-personal, in place of, as it is usual, ideology in terms partner-political. Which does not prevent to accept that that was informed by this.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As it follows of the definition, any ideology has a philosophical origin, arises from a way of seeing the world, of thinking it. But not for it the one who acts according to an ideology knows the philosophical thought that originated it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This ignorance does not matter too much, because the ideology inevitably orientates a way of proceeding in the reality. It is established slightly similarly to a code of conduct, a norm for the action.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">How this (moral) \u201cway\u201d ends up by expressing in the practice of an activity, if she tries to turn into art or is defined as an art: in what there makes, the writer, the poet the painter, the musician \u2026 the architect?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are many possible answers to this question, all the incomplete ones. Because since I it have remembered with insistence, about any human activity what is done is thought while one makes think, that is to say, an activity expresses inside the limits of this activity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>It is thought doing.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Apart from any academic argument, which there are the very solid ones, it is understood by common sense: there is no thought before the action that her defines or guarantees results. And the mechanisms that do that to think \u201cprevious\u201d leads to decisions on the action itself to do, writing with letters or notes, designing, are always vague. It them motivates the intuition, the reflection, the preferences and personal inclinations, the \u201ctechnical\u201d skills of every whom, the aesthetic or ethical affinities (\u201cone and the same thing\u201d according to Wittgenstein), a personal constellation of motives, virtues and limitations, with regard to what it corresponds to do in every case.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">And in this point, in which it decides what is going to be done, from the ideology one gives the \u201cjump\u201d towards procedure that want to symbolize the ideological values. For Le Corbusier was Five Points (the building on piles, the free plant, the ceiling garden, the longitudinal window and the free front), for Adolf Loos to consider the architectural ornament to be a crime, in music, for Sch\u00f6nberg, the use of twelve equivalent notes, for Mondrian to separate of any pictorial representation of the nature, for the surrealistic ones the automatic writing of the poem. And so many other things, all of them \u201ctechnical\u201d prescriptions that are identified, that work as figures, of an ideology.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is in these cases the Modern Ideology: to break with the immediate tradition, to do militancy (also politics) from the art, to incorporate the technological vision into the artistic occupation, to move away from an obligatory morality, to make a fuss to the social estate in revolutionary key, to turn the social topic (the housing of the masses for example or the investigation on the minimal housing), in aim of the architecture. Those who were embracing the ideology \u201cof the Modern one\u201d were accepting the technical code that was accompanying her.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_62665\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-62665\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62665\" src=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/03\/Pensar-la-arquitectura-&middot;-Neo-clasicismo-&ldquo;fake&rdquo;-La-ampliaci&oacute;n-de-la-National-Gallery-de-Londres-1991-de-Robert-Venturi-1925.jpg\" alt=\"Neo-clasicismo \u201cfake\u201d La ampliaci\u00f3n de la National Gallery de Londres (1991) de Robert Venturi (1925\" width=\"640\" height=\"463\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-62665\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">Neo-Classicism \u201cfake\u201d: The extension of the National Gallery of London (1991) of Robert Venturi (1925)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Ideology vs ideology.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This technical regulation of origin ideological, rigid and limited in his zeal to be opposed to the academic world Beaux-Arts, was the object of the postmodernist assaults. It is as well as a return appears to the philosophical speech as possible germ of a way of coming closer the architecture less dogmatic. But the postmodern vision, to hands of the opportunism, contaminated with revenge up to operating as reactionary ideology. There was ignored the important philosophical origin of the modern vision to reconnect, in ideological terms, with the codes Beaux-Arts. The notion of style is re-lived like that. They appear (they are the seventies of last century) the neoclassic english men \u201cfake\u201d like Quinlan Terry, the imitative pasticho to Robert Venturi in the National Gallery of London, Leon Krier&#8217;s escapisms, horrifying \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/elpais.com\/diario\/1984\/06\/25\/cultura\/456962405_850215.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Picasso&#8217;s Sands<\/a>\u201d of the Catalan <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Yanowsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manuel Nu\u00f1ez <\/a> in Paris, the <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/arquiamaestros-04-%C2%B7-05-%C2%B7-06\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bofill<\/a> of here and there (fewer airports). On the ethical &#8211; ideological foundation having weakened free passage is left the manierismo of the \u201cpersonal\u201d language, the vision of the architect as instrumental resource of the Power, to the nostalgia, to the architecture spectacle, cheaply or expensivly. The architectural image is commercialized without bad conscience. And there is left aside the concept of social responsibility and his democratic implications, central aim for the modernity. This way, two decades later, China well costs a mass.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is of this confused ideological broth wherefrom eighty arise in the dialogs with the philosophical French deconstructivismo (Jacques Derrida) led by Peter Eisenman. I pretext to create technical codes: break with the right angle, fragmentation (a simplistic analogy with the deconstrucci\u00f3n of the language), twistings, diagonals. Analytical methods of the language \u201care translated\u201d into the architecture.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Have architects gone mad? Not, they are inventing a mode. And thither the Museums go, the MOMA lodges the \u201cdeconstructivism\u201d in 1988. Success and prompt oblivion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #999999;\">The article continues in <a href=\"https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/en\/pensar-la-arquitectura-iii-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00abThinking the architecture (III)\u00bb.<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00d3scar Tenreiro Degwitz, Architect.<br \/>\nVenezuela, march 2011,<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #999999;\"><em>Entre lo Cierto y lo Verdadero<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[:]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[:es]https:\/\/veredes.es\/blog\/pensar-la-arquitectura-i-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz\/ Es necesario aclarar lo que podemos entender por ideolog\u00eda, una palabra que se suele aplicar s\u00f3lo a la pol\u00edtica y produce dudas aplicada a otras actividades humanas. Tomo esta definici\u00f3n: \u201cUna ideolog\u00eda es el conjunto de ideas que inciden en mayor o menor grado en las caracter\u00edsticas de la pr\u00e1ctica de cualquier actividad humana, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":62664,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,5951],"tags":[4500,147,367,3652,5989,580,668,6957,3353,12790,785,789,6220,7597,12789,898,11762,1021,1985,1651,4390,1865,1890,5106,4346,1278,2048,12787],"class_list":["post-11859","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-faro","category-slider-principal","tag-adolf-loos","tag-arquitectura-moderna","tag-constructivismo","tag-discurso","tag-ecole-de-beaux-arts","tag-filosofia","tag-historia","tag-ideologia","tag-jacques-derrida","tag-karl-friedrich","tag-le-corbusier","tag-lenguaje","tag-leon-krier","tag-ludwig-josef-johann-wittgenstein","tag-manuel-nunez-yanowsky","tag-movimiento-moderno","tag-oscar-tenreiro-degwitz","tag-pensamiento","tag-pensar","tag-peter-eisenman","tag-piet-mondrian","tag-reflexion","tag-reflexion-multidisciplinar","tag-ricardo-bofill","tag-robert-venturi","tag-teoria","tag-teoria-e-historia","tag-teun-adrianus-van-dijk"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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